نشریه سخن تاریخ
پیاپی 24 (پاییز و زمستان 1395)

Ismaili is among the most prominent theoretical, theological and philosophical sects of Shii whose have been studied by Orientalists because of the quality and durability of their teachings in various periods .Their history is divided into several stages, the first period, the period of the secession of the teachings of this sects which there is less information available than the next steps. Studies of this cult have undergone a different course. In this regard, scholars have always been scholars of Islam who, with lesser bias, have been working on scientifically-documented methods of Ismaili works in prestigious research centers of the West to provide a more scientific and realistic knowledge of the history and beliefs of this cult. Wilfred Madelung, one of the most important scholars who has written many works on Islam and its various currents up to now. The present paper, by historical method and relying on its works and thoughts, attempts to examine the views of this contemporary Islamic scholar on the history and teachings of Ismaili at the stage of the old invitation. It was finally established that they are, by their own beliefs and worldviews, a subsidiary branch of the Shiite Imami who, with the advent of self-sectarianism and ideological warfare in Islam.

The methodology of historiography is one of the subjects in analytical philosophy of history or critical philosophy of history which analyzes the methodology in historical researches. Tabrisi, a well-known scholar in the 5th and the 6th century (A.H.) who has written numerous scientific works in different fields of study, has played a crucial role in elevation of Islamic2 culture3 and civilization. His book "Ilam al-wara bi alam al-huda" is a proper example for the current of proximity of Islamic schools of thought in the spects of structure and epistemology. Therefore, the question of the present paper is, analyzing the methodology and content of Tabrisi's historiography with an emphasis on his ook "Ilam al-wara bi alam al-huda". Extensive researches have been done the methodology of historiography of Tabrisi which will be presented shortly in the paper, however no comprehensive research has ever been done on this topic. With his thoughtful approach, Tabrisi made efforts to protect the bases and principles of Islam by means of introducing the theory of proximity of schools of thoughts in his scientific works. It was based on methodology background and it was applied in content analyses of his scientific works. Tabrisi also introduced a "unity-based" method in his works and he strengthened the theory of proximity in his teachings. The purpose of the present article is presenting and analyzing the methodology and content of historiography of Tabrisi with an emphasis on "Ilam al-wara bi alam al-huda" or in other words, analyzing the methodological and epistemological aspects of historiography of Tabrisi from the point of view of the mentioned book. The ultimate purpose of describing the historiography of Tabrisi from methodological and epistemological aspects is proving the proximity approach of Tabrisi in is the scientific and cultural life which introduces the theory of proximity and presents a proper example to scientific community of Muslims in order to reproduce this approach. The present paper has applied a historical and social - historical methodology which is an important and applicable method in the aspects of structure and epistemology in different scientific domains in achieving proximity of Islamic schools of thought. The abstract of definitions, descriptions and analyses presented in the text include introducing the principles of methodology of the historiography of Tabrisi as well as proving the heory of proximity of schools of thought in scientific – cultural life of him and presenting it to Islamic world as a scientific – religious pattern in order to strengthen proximity bases in different domains.

The subject this article is keyratiyeh,s treatise. This treatise is written by Muhammad Ali Kermanshahi (1144- 1216) against Sufis and has been dedicated to Fath Ali shah Qajar. Therefore cause of writing and Its contend is concern. Political crisis and lack of government authority after decline of safavid (1135) was caused stagnation of economic activity and social culture. Moreover, because of lack of coordination of the institution of religion and government, ulama is isolated and Sufis got the opportunity for propaganda. Nemato al, allahi Sufis were led by Masum Alishah. They traveld in the major of province of Iran like, Isfahan, shiraz, Mashhad and Kermanshah, and found very followers but their demeanour provoked the ulama,s opposition. Kheyratiyeh,s treatise was written to warn Shah and shii,s ulama into growth of this inappropriate approach. This research has been done by descriptiveanalytical method and has been cited to the librarical resources.

The major plan of this paper is examination of the methodology of Masoudi`s historiography in the book of “Al- Tanbih Ol Ashraf” . This methodology can get us familiar with one of the historiography patterns, which is combination of subjective method and year–to-year method, selection of the observation method and direct experience and abbreviation writing in historiography. Masoudi is the first historian who established the emergence of critical thinking in Islamic historiography. Fundamentally, the Muslim`s historiography suffered the weakness in critical discourse , prior to the emergence of the Muslims. Masoudi`s attitude to the source of his historiography, in his remained works of “Moravej ol Zahb” and “Al- Tanbih Ol Ashraf” initiated a new chapter in Islamic historiography. Afterward, Ibn e Khaldoon was not only principled to this method but also he promoted it excellently. In writing of the books of “Al- Tanbih Ol Ashraf”, the social, political and the cultural atmospheres in which Masoudi lives were effectual. However, the writer’s talent and genius as well as his own creative thought had critical role too.

This study investigated the relationship between the anfal and modernity. Anfal genocide of the Iraqi Kurds is what to do with modernity? Can it be regarded as a product of modernity? Anfal, Chapter VIII of the Holy Quran by the Baath regime has used for the Kurdish genocide. explain and highlight the duality of modernity , the Anfal case in the light of this dichotomy are analyzed and we have. To achieve this result, we tried to examine the Kurds in Iraq's history. In other words, the relationship between the Kurds and the Baath and the Baathists came to power has been of great importance. To achieve the desired outcome of the Library and review of the literature and international reports and documents have been used. And also to analyze the results of descriptive and analytical method we have used. The Anfal was a product of modernity, a modernity that we study it, we draw a Janus face. This study is the result of the Anfal duality product of modernity. The modernity in the face of Anfal, his dark face. face has shown that the instrumental rationality of modernity itself, grow and spread. Instrumental rationality with the bureaucracy, military, technology, the result of which, it was liberating at the same time, government in the hands of the Baath was such that it was the direct product Anfal.

Al-Ihtijaj ‘ala ahl al-lijaj is a book about Ahl al-Bayt (a) written in 12th century which has influenced other works inscribed later. Tabrisi the author of this book is not as well-known as other Shi’ite scholars, but his book is incredibly famous. This book contains a large number of narrations, some of which are rare ones. The sources and narrations of Al-Ihtijaj which were stated in earlier books are analyzed in the present paper. Based on the findings of this study, the majority of the content of this book were stated in reliable and unreliable Sunni and Shi’ite books. However comparing to their original sources, they were reported with more or less details and with unknown sources. Moreover, some narrations of this book were not stated in earlier sources and they lack the name of sources and chains of transmitters which has made it impossible to discover their sources.