فصلنامه پژوهش و برنامه ریزی شهری
پیاپی 17 (تابستان 1393)

The city as the highest civilization symbol plays a fundamental role in providing for a good life for all citizens. However، the emphasis on quantitative aspects of growth in many countries، especially in developing countries، has led to the polarization of cities. Some parts of the city are the most desirable and acceptable in terms of social life while others have low social desirability and acceptability that pose major impact on capacity of deteriorated urban areas. In this study we aimed to evaluate the desirability and welfare of some old parts of the city where more construction is happening. Research method is analytical and descriptive، and information was collected through observation، drawing necessary maps and questionnaires. SPSS software was used for analysis. For this purpose، we selected 365 out of 7160 households populating the deteriorated areas. Our findings show optimal measure for social acceptance and moderate for settlement، as well as a significant positive relationship between social desirability and settling. The regression analysis results indicate that social desirability variable accounts for 32% variance of settlement. According to the study carried out at a neighborhood، increasing social acceptability lead to increasing settling. Thus، increase in social welfare and social acceptance lead to high capacity of deteriorated areas.

Urban spaces as an urban open spaces can be focus and basis for showing the urbanization and civil life. However with its simply until is unknown. Nevertheless the subject of urban areas can be define like this: urban area is one of features of spatial construction of cities that shape and change with history of one nation during different periods. This element that different currents like cultural and social and political always have been flew in it، always as one of the main elements of citiy''s structure is important. Urban streets as one the most important urban areas، from past has been context of social interaction that as most interactions between people happen on them. So the importance of streets in urban areas causes the formation of this article. The overall aim of the present study is explanation of effective''s factors in achieving to privileged urban streets and assess of importance of each factors. Assessment''s model of effective factors by the framework of four criterias: social and cultural، services and welfare، environment and landscape and principles of aesthetics was created like hierarchy''s structure. Method is analytical-descriptive. In order to final evaluation and data analysis Analytical HierarchyProcess (AHP) was used. Method ofdata collectionwasbased onquestionnairesofexperts. Assessment and data analysis''s results show that social and cultural criterion with weight of 0. 370 have the most important effect for achieving to Privileged streets. Next criterias like Serviceand welfare، environmentand landscapeandprinciplesofaesthetic with weight-0. 345، 0. 185and0. 100arethenextpriorities.

Urban ecosystems evolve over time and space as the outcome of dynamic interactions between socio-economic and biophysical processes operating over multiple scales. The ecological resilience of urban ecosystems، the degree to which they tolerate alteration before reorganizing around a new set of structures and processes، is influenced by these interactions. In cities and urbanizing areas fragmentation of natural habitats، simplification and homogenization of species composition، disruption of hydrological systems، and alteration of energy flow and nutrient cycling reduce cross-scale resilience، leaving systems increasingly vulnerable to shifts in system control and structure. Because varied urban development patterns affect the amount and interspersion of built and natural land cover، as well as the human demands on ecosystems differently، we argue that alternative urban patterns (i. e.، urban form، land use distribution، and connectivity) generate varied effects on ecosystem dynamics and their ecological resilience. We build on urban economics، landscape ecology، population dynamics، and complex system science to propose a conceptual model and a set of hypotheses that explicitly link urban pattern to human and ecosystem functions in urban ecosystems. We propose that resilience in urban ecosystems is a function of the patterns of human activities and natural habitats that control and are controlled by both socio-economic and biophysical processes operating at various scales. We discuss the implications of this conceptual model for urban planning and design.

In theoretical literature and changing cognitive framework in social sciences، development concept firstly as a critique reaction to economical growth concept and sustainable development emerged. This article focused on review، understanding and analysis of economic، social، physical – spatial and infrastructure of Bonab''s districts and evaluating of having of them using quantity techniques such as Morris development model، hierarchical analysis and TOPSIS. As each technique controls others. Research purposes are analysis of the dominant factors in development of Bonab، assessment of development levels of districts using quantity techniques and assigning of actin priorities and districts planning. This research method is analytical- descriptive. Research type is practical and statistical society is Bonab''s districts. Sample volume is 400. We use from Arc GIS to presentation. The conclusion demonstrates that there is apparent discontinuity between districts.

Residing in apartments which has been turned into the urban settlement in the contemporary era can be regarded as one of the most dramatic changes occurred in the settlement process of humans in cities turning into the urban settlement in the contemporary era. In Iran، particularly in the mega cities، apartment residence، with all its advantages and disadvantages، has been common for nearly about three decades. It seems that living in apartments is an appropriate strategy for coping with the housing problem; however، it causes plenty of problems such as lack of proper apartment complexes parking lots space inside the apartment complexes. Merely for gaining more benefits، the contractors misuse the codified، transparent and clear-cut rules and legislations in the field of planning، constructing and utilization of apartment complexes; moreover، the critical action of municipality resulted in not providing parking lots، which is the major problem of apartment complexes in mega cities. In many cases، this issue results in the lack of parking lot required for any building on the one hand and brings about one of the most significant problems in connection with the apartment dwelling in mega cities on the other. Generally speaking، failure to comply with municipality parking rules and regulations in the apartment buildings has led to adverse effects and undesirable outcomes. Cultural and social problems، traffic congestion problems، economic problems besides trampling on citizens'' rights can be mentioned as some of them and the purpose of this study is to recognize and examine these outcomes and consequences.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in civil societies are established with the aim of increasing citizens'' participation in various social and cultural affairs. Since the management of a system has a profound effect on its performance، the success of NGOs activities depends on the suitable context for their activities. The aim of this study is to examine the governmental executive managements'' function in terms of the macro- management of non-governmental organizations، especially those which are active in the cultural field. The method is descriptive and analytical for functional purposes. In the first step، based on the theory of Henry Fayol، 5 hypotheses were set up. According to the hypotheses، there are significant relationships between the management''s principles (planning، organizing، coordinating، leading and controlling) and the success of cultural NGOs. For data collection، the researcher-made questionnaire was distributed among all members of the target population، (41managers in governmental organizations، who were responsible for the activities of NGOs). Both descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed to test the hypothesis، along with the chi-square test. According to the results، managers consider the four main tasks of management، but the coordination between the governmental managers was ignored. Finally، based on the research findings، some suggestions are proposed.

Nowadays sustainability paradigm is being discussed dramatically for creating a world where human beings can live together in a befitting way with just. Moreover one of the environments in which human is nurtured and satisfies his needs are community. Before Industrial revolution and huge expanding of cities، urban communities were developing gradually and besides keeping physical، Natural and social values they could supply the fair fixed needs of their habitants. But in modern age because of the rapid population growth and booming cities، these urban communities didn''t have enough time to adjust and adapt with a new district''s requirements. Consequently، as so many demands of these community residents have been left unanswered، so much disorder and irregulars start to dominate these places. The community sustainable development attitude which is a result of combination of two approaches; the community development and the sustainable development، tries to increase social communication by strengthening and improving the physical of community space and there for achieve an increment in the sense of dependency to community، responsibility and rise the social capitals. In this study after perusing the theoretical literature of subject، suitable criteria which match the sample case''s condition (Sang''e Siah Neighborhood) has been chosen and then we have used statistical methods match with variable evaluation level، the condition of each criteria effective on the sustainability of the Sang''e Siah Neighborhood has been measured. Results of this study show criteria such as identity and legibility، mobility and adaptability، access to contact and service network، sense of dependency or attachment، divertimento and vitality، the bearable capacity of community، safety and security، all are effective on (Sang''e Siah Neighborhood). General studies demonstrate that the rate of sustainability of Sang''e Siah Neighborhood is 4. 76 so that in meaningful way this number is less than number 5 which we consider it as the number of sustainability. Among the criteria examined Myartrakm and Neighborhood bearing capacity highest impact factor (0. 975) on neighborhood stability and safety and security criteria (751/0) is the least lasting impact on the neighborhood.