فصلنامه پژوهش و برنامه ریزی شهری
پیاپی 8 (بهار 1391)

One of the major issues that now appear in major cities is imbalance in the distribution regulation and failure of utilities system such as educational services. Heterogeneous and unplanned development and rapid population growth can be regarded as the main reasons for these issues. In order to increase efficiency of these spaces, it is necessary to attend organization and suitable distribution. This study investigates the spatial organization and physical development of educational facilities in the Tabriz 8 municipality area. This study is based on descriptive - analytical methods and using nearest neighbor analysis and Moran indices, the spatial distribution patterns of educational centers were determined in the study area. According to the results of these two methods, the necessity of organizing educational centers was revealed in the study area; for this purpose, multi criteria evaluation models in GIS software were used. In order to organize the educational centers in case study area, effective and appropriate criteria have been used and efficiency weights were calculated by analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Finally, suitable map was extracted by criteria overlay and TOPSIS model. Interpreting the resulting maps revealed that the south and southwest part of case study area have very high distribution of educational facilities and do not have regular pattern. The results of this research would recommend construction of educational facilities.

The excess of population, density in cities, and increasing industrialization of societies have both positive and negative consequences. As the positive consequences are more accepted and have more adherents in comparison to negative ones with less responsible authorities, these negative consequences have more charges for authorities in society. The crime is one of the main negative consequences that influence the welfare of people, families, and societies. The purpose of the study is to analyze the relationship that demographic factors and population density have with occurrences of perpetrated crimes in Islam Abad Area. The study has a descriptive analytical research method and to analyze the relationship between the crime and population density used Geographical Information System, Crime Analysis, and Case. The statistical population of the study is a set of crimes perpetrated in one year period in the area of Islam Abad. The results of the study indicate that the area of informal dwelling in Islam Abad is one of the most important crime centers of perpetrated crimes in the city and that the spatial distribution of crimes in the area has a clustered and concentrated pattern. From 321 crimes perpetrated in the area, the guilt of malfeasance and quarrel of 62 cases, equivalent to 19.31% of all perpetrated crimes, and the guilt of overuse and addiction to narcotic drugs with 62 cases, equivalent to 19.31%, have the highest frequency. In contrast, the guilt of pick pocket with two cases, equivalent to 0.6% of all crimes perpetrated has the lowest frequency. Also, it can be observed that there is a significant relationship between the high amount of population crowd and the increase of social abnormalities in Islam Abad Region so that the relative population density for the area is up to 422 people per hectare while the number for Zanjan City is up to 69 people per hectare. Therefore, the relative population density in Islam Abad Region is about 6 times more than that of other districts of the city in average; the delinquency occurrences are comparatively more than those of other districts.

Louis Wirths's urbanization theory claims that urbanization adversely affects the institution of the family and family relations and also reduces intimate ties and trusting relationships. Research in this area has not yet reached a consensus. This study aims to find out if urbanization significantly affects people as far as social and family relations are concerned. Using Wirth's theory of "urbanization as a way of life", the present study (which is a comparative one) will investigate whether urban dwellers and non-urban dwellers are significantly different with regards to social solidarity, trust, social participation, control over one's own life, and close ties with relatives and friends. The research population included all residents of the city of Bushehr (an urban area) and Dayer (a non-urban area) in Bushehr province. Using Cochran's formula, 397 individuals (200 from Bushehr and 197 from Dayer) were randomly selected. Reliability Alpha values for all scales were equal to or above 0.70. The findings showed that urbanization had a small but statistically significant effect on social trust, social solidarity, and social participation, but no such effects were found regarding the spread of universalistic criteria, control over one's life, and reliance on family members. Since research findings showed that generalized trust was relatively low, and acknowledging that other researchers have found that intense social relations and social participation can increase trust, it is suggested that city officials promote and strengthen the development of "neighborhoods" as a way to enhance informal social control and thereby increase social trust.

Fair access to urban land-use and optimal land-use are fundamental components of sustainable development and social justice. Nowadays the concepts of land and urban space in terms of both the natural-physical and socio-economic have been qualitatively changed; as the result, the extent and the purpose of land-use have got vast and rich. Therefore, land and space, as public and vital sources and properties, should be used under substantial planning. In this study, considering the importance of the issue, the use of rural lands in Aslanduz town is quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed. In this research, problems and deficiencies of land-use by empirical, descriptive and analytical methods, considering social, economic and physical conditions of the city, are quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed separately and the land-use is analyzed using geographic information system (GIS). Results indicate that physical expansion and population growth of the town in the last decade have caused imbalances in the land-use. So, making it balanced and determining appropriate strategies to prevent the abnormal expansion of the city and preservation of agricultural lands and natural resources around it are necessary. Quantitative assessment of the lands considering norms and their qualitative assessment considering compatibility, capacity, utility and dependent matrix, scientific analysis indicate much of the existing land uses are not qualitatively and quantitatively consistent with scientific standards and criteria and are imbalanced.

Growth and sustainable development of urban restructuring and utilization of natural resources depend on environmental, functional, geographic and demographic conditions of city and region. Considering the importance of natural resources and their role in sustainable development, correct and rational uses of resources from different directions are necessary. Resource management in urban development as a vertical development of cities in developed countries has been formed, but in some areas of Iran, particularly Sistan region, considering its geographical location (land abundance), it has faced the horizontal expansion of cities (low-density development) and Market turmoil of urban land which leads to the loss of agricultural land of citie's margins, increase in urban transportation costs, increase in energy consumption, marginalization and etc. In this paper, using field studies, library and study of the cities of Zabol, Adimi and Zahak according to their directions and changing rural areas to urban areas (white dust - Adimi), we try to investigate and analyze the regions using the criteria and indicators of healthy cities based on canvas axial and horizontal development of the regional cities due to population growth in urban cities and rural migration to cities. Findings indicate that according to the organic structure of Sistan regions, like Burnt City, we can span the towns dependent on natural resources (water), combined with the proposed user to create continuity between the cities of the region and its user and urban regulations and urban planning should be performed in accordance with climatic conditions and keep the native and natural area systems with emphasis on proper and correct use of natural.

In recent decades, Iranian cities, as many Third World cities, have been through significant developments; among these changes was the rapid increase in population, and Behshahr, like many cities of the country has not been immune to these developments; so that in 50 years the population has grown more than 5 times. This population growth has been followed by uncontrolled physical expansion of the city and in order to mitigate these shortcomings and the urban problems, this study aims to specify development process of Behshahr and factors affecting it and gives a number of suggestions to eliminate and mitigate the process. The method applied is analystical-descriptive and for the data analysis process, Shannon's entropy model, standardized scores, HDI and Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients were used and the results obtained show that: 60% of physical growth of the city between 1976 and 2006 was due to population growth and the remaining 40% is related to the horizontal growth of the city. The center of the city has a more condensed structure and surrounding areas have a more dispersed structure. Hierarchical spatial distribution of land was irregular across regions and neighborhoods of Behshahr and this irregularity in the spatial structure of the city resulted in the turbulence in the central part f the city and inactivity in urban neighborhoods. Also, obstacles such as Mora Mountains in the south and high levels of ground water and rails in the north made the city much more developed in the horizontal and linear way. Among the findings that may help prevent the horizontal development of city, one can point to vertical expansion instead of horizontal expansion, carrying out rehabilitation and modernization projects in the old context and more use of the land and filling the empty spaces inside the city.

One of the observable phenomena in Iranian cities is the existence of the locks and appropriative ownership of the business units. These factors are not only on the investor's lack of action for reconstruction and development but also on an obstacle to reconstruction and modification and repair of old commercial units. This research tried to explain the economic essence of locks, the commercial units of appropriative ownership and their relationship with skeletal evolution of commercial centers. Research method is documentary- measurement (questionnaire) and it is in the form of the cluster sampling based on the Cochran's formula, in which 90 commercial units are estimated and completed. Information and data have been analyzed using SPSS software in the form of descriptive, inferential, and statistical tests (Pearson correlation coefficient and Chi-square). The results of Chi-square test show that there is 99% of a significant relationship between the skeletal evolution of commercial centers (dependent variable) and the heirs of the estate, appropriative ownership, locks and the function of their respective organizations (independent variable). The results show that renovation and improvement of projects in city's commercial centers may not be executable, except in areas where people and organizations are responsible for the project of enforcement which have benefits. Except the ruined places that the municipality has purchased them in a little price and utilized them as public parking, a small percentage of these units of business have been renovated and improved since now. In this regard, some strategies were proposed such as independent ownership documents issued for each business unit which is from the organization of Document and Civil Registration, shorten the probate process, supply of securities or rent on the condition of possession as the financial resources for improvement and development of commercial centers.