فصلنامه مطالعات پیشگیری از جرم
پیاپی 11 (تابستان 1388)

To protect people against illegal and perverse interventions of police officers and to direct them to perform their duties fairly and reasonably requires to controlling mechanism in the area of employment, education and supervision. Police officers tendency to violate citizenship rights has not only roots in personal factors. Researches show that the nature and complexity of police missions and emphasis on improving their efficiency and finally presenting final reports has also important roles to increase violation of citizenship rights by some police officers. Therefore, to train human rights conceptions and make deep sense to defense rights of defendants can not solely ensure decreasing police officers violations. Organized structure, mechanism of supervision and dominated culture of police should be managed in a manner that can direct police officers to apply this knowledge continuously. This article with a comparative view to achievements of police forces aims to examine suitable organizational disciplines for improving human rights standards. The emphasis of this article is especially on necessity to revise employment conditions, teaching practical ways to respect legal standards during performance of police missions and also considering independent and fair process to answer individual's complaints from police.

Undoubtedly, applying criminal policy based on preventive approach in criminology to combat crime is one of the achievements of criminology. Nowadays, it is considered by legislators in the most criminal systems. In our country, according to section 5, article 156 of constitution law, "resorting to suitable actions for prevention of crime" is supposed a major task of judiciary.The main purpose of this article is examining the relation and correlation between criminology and Islamic thoughts. It tries to analyze the major Islamic standards or models in preventing crimes such as "the role of Islamic conception to world", "the role of Promoting good and Preventing evil" and "the role of Islamic ethics in preventing crimes". In doing so, some solutions are proposed in this article.

The importance of childhood in forming the personality of people requires a specific procedural system based on their emotions and feelings in considering their offences. Iranian legislator, accordingly passed "children court act" in 1338. Now article 219 of criminal procedure law (1378) in the light of the above mentioned act, considered some requirements for benefit of children in trials.When Islamic republic of Iran joined to "convention on the right of child" in 1372, the legislator bounded to adjust his domestic statutes to articles of convention. On the other hand, Iran as a member of international community is obliged to consider non compulsory international documents about children such as Pecan provisions and Riyadh guidance to provide differential proceeding for children. A quick view to evolutions of Iranian legislation in procedural provisions for law violating children will shows that Iranian legislator did not consider the guidelines of these international documents so much.

During recent years there was a great interest (1) to examine the relationship between place and delinquency, (2) to study on "mutual effects of human and environment" in one hand and "conditions and grounds of planning situational patterns of crime" on the other hand. To find environmental and situational factors of crimes and trying to remove them or decrease their effects is the most important way to prevent abnormalities.This article aims to analyze situational patterns of theft in Zanjan and identify its facilitating factors and finally control polluted areas by means of graphic – based models and geographical information system. The method of this research is analytical and descriptive….the statistical universe of this study is all crimes of theft which committed in Zanjan for a year.According to our findings, the most important hot spots of theft from homes are Ansarieh, Etemadieh, Dabaghlar, Hosseinieh, darmangah and Gunieh. The only hot spot of theft from stores is in down town and traditional market of Zanjan. The most frequency of theft of vehicles is in Ferdosi Street (within traditional market and Bijar junction). The frequency of theft from governmental offices is seen in Foroodgah town. It seems that some situations in Zanjan, based on their physical environment have a potential grounds and conditions for commission of crimes. Therefore, we can by identifying these situations and trying to control and reform these potential grounds which may direct a potential offender to commit a crime, prevent delinquency and committing crimes.

Nowadays, one of the problems facing cities is high rate of crimes and their diversities as compared with civil expansions. Although the scientists have proposed numerous solutions to prevent crimes in cities, but it should be said that undoubtedly one major factor in commission of crimes is environmental factor which prevent or facilitate the act of offenders. The effects of environmental factors in commission of crimes have been recognized in European countries for many years ago but in our country it has been considered recently in some books and papers. In addition to necessity of consideration to environmental and geographical factors, studying and examining the zonal population of different offenders and the types of committed crimes is also necessary. By doing so, we can present a comprehensive and systematic analysis about planning and managing geography of crimes and zonal population of offenders. The goal of this article is to examine the relation between "different places and environments of cities" and "the diversity of offences committed in them". It also tries to determine the demographic features of offenders. The method of research in this study is quantitative. We used inverse Questionnaire to gather respective data. Statistically, all the offenders arrested in Shiraz in 1382 were considered and2653 persons of them were chosen as sample statistical universe. This sample has been studied based on the places and the kinds of committed offences.The major findings of this article are:There is a meaningful relation among different places of Shiraz and the types of committed crimes. The most abundance of crimes is relevant to population centers and urban areas. There is also a meaningful relation among the time of committing crimes and the rate of offences. The most abundance of crimes is relevant to 20 to 29 year old individuals. The hot spots of crimes are Dehpiale, Ghasroddasht, Sady, Golestan town, Bani hashemi, Maali Abad, Poudank, Darvaze Isfihan, Sheikh Ali Choopan and Kooze Gari.

Crime has inherently geographical nature. When a crime is committed, it will commit in a place or special geographical situation. In the past, a cognition and analysis of crimes patterns was done manually by one or some agents, respected data were gathered and classified by them based on place and time and therefore the patterns of crimes were achieved. Nowadays, GIS as on of the greatest achievements of information technology, has the most usage in disciplinary affairs as well as studying on and examining the crime. Situational analysis as a substantial tool in GIS can provide a cognition about correlation of crime and place. To realize this relation can be helpful in predicting and preventing crimes. Since environmental analysis of crime aims to determine the pattern of individuals movement in place and time as well as achievement to their goals in environment, so GIS makes "crime planning, policy making and preventing crimes" possible by means of scientific technology. This article explores the ability GIS and environmental analysis for spots of crimes.

There are various opinions and viewpoints about wrong doing and crime in social sciences context. This article refers to and classifies some of these viewpoints about prevention of crimes. The base of this typology is classifications of Van vik and Devard. Accordingly, in the context of theoretical criminology one can distinguish three kinds of theories: the theory of situational prevention, the theory of environmental prevention and the theory of criminal prevention of offences. The author reviews later studies and then expands this classification and adds some other theories with sociological approaches in it.

Fundamentally, prevention of crime requires a leading approach to the notion of security and needs basic and cultural actions to be eternalized in a long run. Social standards of preventing crimes have roots in community orientation, rational actions of citizens and community wealth. To be community oriented in police forces means the return of police to society. This return is not physical but it is in a manner that two principles named "prevention of crime" and "satisfaction of citizens" are resulted by it. Rational standards of prevention depends on benefits of society which provided by preventive security. The community wealth and hidden potential talents of society will appear in formal and civic institutes and let the police to have people and civic organization's confidence and cooperation in controlling and applying police preventive provisions.