فصلنامه مطالعات پیشگیری از جرم
پیاپی 23 (تابستان 1391)

There are few studies about repeated victimization and how it is analyzed to present preventative procedures in the country, yet researches indicate that a large part of the crimes are experienced by some citizens, places and properties. So prevention from repeated victimization leads to an accumulative reduction in crime rate. Questions that are going to be answered in this research are: What is repeated victimization and to which variables it does respond? What is the relation between repeated victimization and crime-ridden places? What requirements does it need?Firstly, repeated victimization and factors leading to it are explained, then crime-ridden places and their interaction with repeated victimization will be considered and finally victimization preventative requirement will be explained. The findings indicate that repeated victimization is an incident that in which the physical integrity, person's possessions and properties are repeatedly targeted by criminal aggression. According to the crime analysis triangle, such incident has its roots in the crime-making factors existing in pre-criminal conditions, victim's life style and target's attraction for victim's and also in the characteristics of potential criminals. A higher rate of crimes has been allocated to crime-ridden areas in proportion to similar areas. Generally the rate of repeated victimization in these areas is more than other areas. For this reason policing of crime-ridden areas together with the execution of relevant strategies for preventing repeated victimization can be both influential and will expend police resources properly. In order to determine proper strategies for preventing repeated victimization, some models must firstly be identified. Next, proper and influential strategies based on the information obtained from analyzing the familiar models, could be presented to those in charge of crime prevention.

This research seeks to examine sociological factors influencing crime reduction. As a survey study it has benefited from structured questionnaires to collect data. The representative sample consists of 382 people. Descriptive findings related to the independent variables show that the level of social control and social support in the community is relatively high. Social cohesion, social disorder and feeling of anomy are evaluated moderately. Also, the research findings have suggested that the variables of social control, social support, social cohesion, social disorder and feeling of anomy are correlated with crime reduction. In a regression analysis also 5 variables were put into the model and 47 percent of the total variance of the dependent variable was explained by the independent variables.

Nowadays crimes and social deviations have strikingly grown in parallel with progress and development in different economic and social dimensions, expansion of cities, reduction in family roles of social and cultural acceptability and moral and religious values. On this basis, human societies intend to control crimes and deviations by establishing and reinforcing many official and supervisory institutions and organizations. Regarding the destructive role of crimes and deviations in annihilation of human personality and social disorder in the past decades, social scientists have viewed religion and religious beliefs as a factor of internal supervision and individuals’ and society’s immunity from deviation and have dealt with its reformist performances. According to the subjects mentioned above, in this research, the relation between piety and the amount of tendency to crimes and social deviations is considered. The main objective of this article is to examine the correlation of these two variables and to study the effect of piety on crime prevention. This research is a survey study and questionnaire together with interview have been used as the means of data collection. The population is all the citizens (in active age) of Kashan in the year 1389 from which 421 people have been selected and examined by use of Kokaran formula. Validity of the research’s variables’ assessment scales have been examined by Kronboch alpha coefficient and according to Kronboch’s test results, the validity of the spectrum of the amount of piety by (a=0.82) and the amount of criminal tendency by (a=0,78) have been confirmed. The research’s findings confirm the relation between the above variables. The Spearman correlation coefficient (rș=-0/353) in a reliability level of 99 per cent confirms the meaningful relation of the mentioned variables. There is a negative relation which shows that the more the amount of piety, the less the amount of tendency towards crime. Also, the results of regression equivalent indicate that the most influence of the factors in reducing the tendency towards crime is doing religious teachings and moralities.

This study compares the family structure and psychological profile of the parents of the children who are in danger of sexual abuse with normal children's parents. The population is all the parents of the children in danger of sexual abuse and the parents of normal children of 7-10 years of age in Tehran city in 2009 selected through availability sampling from 47 families of the sexually abused children (26 girls and 21 boys) and 46 normal children families from the same areas selected via multi-stage cluster sampling from girl's and boy's elementary schools in such an order that first two zones (zones 6, 13) of the total 22 zones of Tehran were randomly selected. In this study, family performance scale (Blum, 1985) was used for family performance consideration and for measuring parent's psychological profile, the revised sign's list of 90 questions (Dragotis and colleagues, 1973) was applied. For data analysis, we used statistical method of multi-variance analysis and the following results were gained: there is a meaningful difference of 0.05% among different aspects of expressiveness, conflict, recreational tendency, religious emphases, organizational skills, external control resource, disintegration, permissive family style, tyrannical family style between the families of the children in danger of sexual abuse and normal children families. The same rate of difference also exists among the aspects of depression, anxiety, aggression, paranoiac thoughts and psychosis between mentioned families.

Fars province is located in the south-west of Iran and lies between latitudes 27°/2́ to 31°/42́ and longitudes 50°/42́ to 55°/26́. The province is bordered on the north by Yazd and Isfahan provinces, on the west by Bushehr and Kohgiluyeh-o-boyerahmad provinces, on the south by Hormozgan and on the east by Kerman province.It occupies an area of 122,661 square meters and has a population of 4,336,878 people. By 715 cases of murder during the years 1383-1385 in Fars, the province is the first in state ranking. The high rate of this crime especially in the province's capital, Shiraz, with 327 instances (45.73% of the whole cases in the province) clearly shows the necessity for criminological researches on the causes and motivations behind committing such crime.So in this article we consider the roles of "Time", "Place" and "crime tools" in committing murder in Fars Province.

Crime prevention and criminal behaviors in human living environments have been always of managers’ and planners’ concerns for their imposing of many economic and social expenses. During the time, many theories have formed the intellectual backing of measures and plans."Crime Prevention through Environmental Design" or CPTED is one of the most modern and practical theories. Meanwhile, preserving public spaces in those large cities which are the main political and economic centers in states is highly special. For this reason, some of Tehran's main squares were selected to analyze the commonest crimes together with the role of their managerial preventative strategies. The question is that how the principles and strategies of CPTED could be effective in reducing crimes in squares and city's public spaces?.

For examining the state and causes of suicide in a 5-year period from Farvardin 1384 to Esfand 1388 in Izeh city, as the subject and the main objective of the research, the data was collected via a prepared checklist from considering 40 cases of 26 men and 13 women committed suicide and then analyzed by SPSS. The findings showed an average age of 30 years for committing suicide. 60 per cent of the suicides had happened in early evenings or in early dawns. 65 per cent of the suicides were men, 70 per cent urbanites, 100 per cent from the poor, and 80 per cent had hanged themselves. The research indicated that the main causes of the suicides within the research domain were domestic quarrels, instability, lack of powerful values and domestic cohesion by 35 per cent, problems and unfavorable economical conditions by 30 percent, having a record of physical diseases and mental and psychological illness by 55 per cent, poor religious beliefs and inattentiveness to religious values by 50 per cent and being under the parent's and people's unkindness and inattentiveness by a frequency of 40 per cent, which mostly influenced the suicides. The findings also showed that adolescence and youth, singleness, illiteracy and semi-illiteracy, unemployment and having low income, having a record of illnesses by higher percentages, were of the most crucial factors leading to suicide.