فصلنامه مطالعات زبان و ترجمه
سال چهل و هفتم شماره 3 (پاییز 1393)

Meena Alexander، a contemporary Indian-American writer and a professor of English Literature and Women’s Studies. The criticism of Dr. Alexander’s poetry and prose brings in many issues that draws upon poststructuralism and postcolonialism. To mention a few، the negotiation of fragmented identity، the problem of belonging، and the challenge of living in a female body are among her concerns. What makes the representation of the body in her writings more problematic is the language of this representation which is a colonial language.

The purpose of this article is to show the creation of sense and the relation between reflection and narrative function in the novel “stranger” by Albert Camus. While studying the structure of this narration، we try to surpass the surface and penetrate the deepest layers of the text، in order to find، not only the meaningful surface structures but also the ones beyond the text. As a reason، we believe that these inner structures contain signification، and these deep structural connections can also create the sense. We believe that there is a direct relationship between narrator and narrative structure; in another words the narrator’s reflection has determined the narrative structure in this novel. Death has a very important place in the nihilism of Camus، and basically this nihilism happens when man feels a distance between self and self (self strangeness)، self and others (stranger among others) and self and the universe. As a result، distance and separation are the main reason for this feeling; and that is why the initial، central and terminal part of this narration commences، continues and terminates with the act of death.

The relations between Iran and Russia turn to their ancient history. The first business contracts between them after Islam was in SAMANIAN period. Businees relations itself expand the cultural communications between two countries. Cultural communications expansion between Iran and Russia turns to Qajar period in 18 century and early nineteenth century. After eighteenth century (Catherine II period) Russian literature acquaintance to the estern threads specially Iran literature and Iranian extended and translations like Saaidi poems at nineteenth century published in Russian journals. More than 120 of Russian writers and poets were interested in eastern literature some of their famous it were Pushkin، Lermontov،Tolstoy. One of the poets who was interested in Iran literature was Sergei Yesnin. In this paper not only we tried to introduce the poet in brief but also analyse his famous work “The Persian Motives”.

This study set out to investigate the similarities and differences in frequency of incidence and type of hedging devices used in research articles written by Iranian and non-Iranian writers. For the purposes of the study، a corpus including 40 agriculture articles in English (20 written by Iranian and 20 by non-Iranian writers) were selected. Collection and classification of the hedging devices in the introduction and discussion sections of agriculture articles were based on the hedging taxonomy suggested by Salager-Meyer (1994). The data collected were analyzed through SPSS by means of frequency analysis and Chi-square tests. The results of the study indicated that there was a significant difference between the frequency of incidence of hedging devices in the introduction and discussion sections of agriculture research articles written by Iranian and non-Iranian writers published in international journals. Also، an interview was conducted with 32 Iranian university professors and writers of Agricultural English to shed more light on the findings of corpus analysis and to explore why Iranians used hedging devices less frequently. The content analysis of the interviews revealed that lack of conscious knowledge of Iranian writers of such devices as well as the existence of linguistic and cultural differences between the two groups of writers were reportedly the prime causes why Iranian writers used hedging devices less frequently.

Since different cultures have different discourses، it is not possible to pour the discourse in another discourse mold (format) without any trouble or any manipulation. This adjustment or manipulation leads to domestication. Toury and Venuti believe that the superior language imposes its features to the inferior language. In other words، the other languages approximate themselves to the English but this process is reversed in the translation from English to other languages. This paper shows that this matter is not a general rule. After the comparison of “The Scarlet Letter” written by Nathaniel Howthorne with its translation by Simin Daneshvar as «داغ ننگ»، it will be revealed that the translator has tried to standardize and to domesticate the text in an artistic manner، in fact she has prevented the cultural and linguistic interference

Negligent of the recent findings of translation studies in the past decades، the undergraduate curriculum of English translation in Iranian universities has not been updated since over two decades ago. The comparison of this curriculum with its international rival curricula indicates to a substantial discrepancy which cannot be solely due to contextual or cultural reasons. It is also suspected that this lack of renewal is one of the several factors which have resulted in the failure of this program in educating world-level qualified translators. Because of the significance of benefiting the views and criticism of the translation educators on the current curriculum for a revised and updated version، the present study investigated the evaluation and criticism of the nationally recognized translation teachers on the academic board of major universities of Iran regarding the current and necessary components of translation competence in the undergraduate curriculum for English translation. Data collected through open-ended، semi-structured، in-depth interview technique was analyzed using Grounded Theory procedures. The findings indicate to the necessity of a major revision by incorporating more modules on CAT tools، improving the quality and quantity of translation workshops، reducing foreign language emphasis among others.