پژوهش نامه ی علوی
سال یکم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1389)

One of the obvious features and important tasks of any government is observing the principle of responsibility in exchange for the rights of others. Government''s concept of Alavi thought and behavior is to provide service to people. From Imam Ali''s (AS) point of view، responsibilities of government managers in accountability to people is a very important task and difficult test for them. Only the ones are more successful in providing service that do their best in terms of commitment in front of the society. The basic question in this paper considers the meaning of responsibility of managers and its main elements. In the issue of government authorities'' responsibility their submissions، obedience and compliance to the request of others stands against their duties. The main element of responsibility is accountability which means considering other people''s rights. This means that «you have a right and I have a duty». Imam Ali (AS) has mentioned this type of responsibility many times in Nahjolbalagheh. In this paper، we discuss the principle of responsibility of managers and its concept from Imam Ali''s (AS) point of view.

Nowadays، the importance of administrative system on the development and evolution of nations is known to everybody. Governments have always paid great attention to competent managers and officials، so that they could have stable and lasting rule. From a socio-political point of view، there are many factors affecting government''s stability، some of which are religious، ethical and financial health of officials، care to economical reforms، tackling peoples'' needs and avoiding cruelty and injustice. This study shows that Imam Ali (AS) had a close and direct inspection on his officials and warned them of neglecting their responsibilities. According to his views neglecting those guidelines leads to governments'' financial، administrative and ethical corruption leading to their fall. In his view، the importance of government officials is so much that any society needs committed and competent officials in order to reform and live in welfare. Agents and officials'' role is so vital that their weaknesses in a political system could lead to the downfall of those systems even in a legitimate system، like coup governments; with the help of competent managers and officials'' abilities could gain public legitimacy. Therefore، administrations and government stability depends primarily on the public officials'' roles.

According to quasi- experimental study، and as thinkers emphasize، each government is obliged to prepare and regulate its communicating policies in order to make interaction between its constructive elements of each political structure including law and rankings and its people. Thus، reviewing the command of Imam Ali (AS) to Malik al-Ashtar، through documentary research and the framework of social communication sciences literature، reveals that Imam Ali (AS) some how insisted that no fair government can act truly without having communication with its citizens and there should be continuous flow of information، guidelines، ideas، etc. between the government (governor، institutions and governmental systems) and its people and vice versa. Within this field، one can find some guidelines for all of the human societies in some parts of Malik al-Ashtar''s treaty. Such as equal care and respect for all citizens، clarifying the social groups and providing interaction between government and different social groups، providing chances for direct communication، discussion and dialogue of citizens with the highest government authorities، providing channels for the weaker social groups in order to access the power centers and also communicating their needs، and providing different communication chances in order to talk about the criticisms and citizen''s views toward the authorities.

The holy Quran had a great effect on Arab literature and culture. The amount of this impact is considered as a criterion for the evaluation of texts. This impact is considered in two aspects: concepts that make the meaning rich، and form and structure that make the text elegant. No doubt due to the constant company of Imam Ali (AS) with the Prophet (S)، the true impact of holy Quran''s language in Arabic was in Imam Ali''s (AS) language and word. Thus his language in Nahjolbalagheh is the manifestation of Quran in Arabic Literature both in concept and structure. This makes Imam Ali (AS) the Imam and leader of eloquent people and his speech (Nahjolbalagheh) below the word of creator and superior to the word of creature. No human text is comparable with his text. This article، through comparing samples of the Quran''s verses and Ali''s (AS) speech، surveys the effect of Quran''s verses in structural aspects in particular choosing caste and structure of sentences.

The beautiful similes of Nahjolbalagheh are made of innovational patterns، diverse coloration، deep sight، dynamic views، preciseness and delicacy، extraordinary symmetry and harmony، magical music، unity and extreme solidarity that comes from a deep and powerful sight and dynamic senses and rich and innovative thinking. One of the main artistic dimensions of Imam Ali (AS) in using simile is that he uses it to put the important concepts and human advises to heighten the understanding of the addressee. Quran، Ahlul Bayt، Islam، world، virtue and submission to God are among the subjects with the most number of similes. Imam''s art and literature and his literary images is not for art sake in his writings، all of his life is for serving humanity، guidance، direction and surviving human beings.

One of the important things carried out by the scholars in Sufism and Islamic mysticism was to write books in order to teach or to answer the questions raised by the disciples and، in general، to guide the researchers in the path of truth. In these books، the basic and practical discussions of mysticism as well as the life stories and the observations of the leaders in the path of truth would be compiled in accordance with interest of the respective authors. Kashful Mahjoub by Hajviri Ghaznavi is the first volume on various aspects of mysticism in Farsi. In fact، this book is an encyclopedia، including mystic discussions، basics، ideas، and terminology compiled by the author. Hajviri was a practicing scholar and a learned man. One of the important and underlying subjects in his book is the practices and statements of Imams that are provided along with the description of the holy character of those great people. In fact، the mystics would set the life، practices، and statements of the Prophet and the companions، especially Ahlul Bayt، as their model. This paper deals with the character، practices، and statements of Ahlul Bayt – from Imam Ali (AS) to Imam Sadigh (AS) – and the resultant spiritual benefits.

Council is one of the self-evident and necessary rules of Islam. It is an institution which has an important role in administrating a society and consolidating its social relations with other societies. In this regard، there are some rules and standards that prevent wrong decisions and lead one''s attempts to eliminate disadvantages and gain advantages and satisfy public interests. Therefore، there is nobody who doesn''t need to consult with other people or to ask their opinion or to refer to committed and expert counselors. Besides the clear-defined verses of Holy Qur''an about council and consulting، infallible Imams (AS)، especially Imam Ali (AS)، discussed this subject from different points and talked innovatively about its principles and rules، which needs to be studied carefully and extensively. This article tries to study the principles of council in Alavi thoughts and opinion with exalted content and emphasizes the greatness of Imam Ali''s (AS) thoughts and their supremacy over the thoughts of human beings. For this، the article begins with introducing a plan for comparing Imam Ali''s (AS) opinion with the verses about council in which there are some explanations about council and its importance، necessity، advantages and outcomes، authenticity، authoritativeness، domain، and position. Then the article states some of the positive and negative aspects of council in a broad spectrum which conveys the anthropology of council in Imam Ali''s (AS) point of view.