نشریه پژوهش های کاربردی زراعی
پیاپی 100 (پاییز 1392)

In order to evaluate the effect of gibberellin and cycocel on spring wheat, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in 2009 in the Greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran. Seeds of wheat were sown in pots with 9 liters volume in spring. Plants at two leaf stage were thinned to six plants per pot. At the stage of stem elongation, control pots were separated and treatments of gibberellin andcycocel were applied on other pots. Effect of different treatments on important traits, including plant height, internode length, stem diameter, leaves per plant, nodes per main stem and tillers per plant were measured during six consecutive weeks. Plant height, internode length, stem diameter, leaves per plant, nodes per main stem and tillers per plant increased with increasing days after sowing. The highest number of leaves per plant were observed at 70 days after sowing, but the highest values of other traits were observed 77 days after sowing. The highest plant height and internode length were recorded for plants treated with gibberellin, but the highest stem diameter and number of tillers per plant were observed in plants treated with cycocel. Thus, application of cycocel at stem elongation stage can reduce plant height and increased tillers per plant which are essential for preventing lodging and improving grain yield in spring wheat.

Limitation of water resources and water stress in different final growth stages appear the importance of zinc sulphate foliar application in the vegetative growth phase.To investigate the effect of water stress and zinc sulphate foliar application and its interaction on grain yield and water use efficiency, a split factorial experiment as a randomized complete block design with three replications in crops was conducted in Isfahan Kabootarabad research station at 2009-10. Water stress treatments in this experiment at three water stress levels (no water stress, water stress at flowering stage and water stress at grain filling stage in the main plots and foliar application treatments were exposed to three zinc levels (0, 2.5, and 5 mg kg-1 as ZnSO4.7H2O) and wheat cultivars including Mahdavi, Shiraz and Pishtaz were leading in the sub plots. The results showed that the difference between water stress treatments on grain yield and harvest index at the 5% probability level and in total dry matter, and grain weight and water use efficiency at the %1 probability level were significant. Increasing zinc sulphate up to 2.5 mg kg-1 in the water stress at grain filling stage increased grain yield up to 12 percent. Grain yield response to leaf feeding zinc sulphate in cultivar Pishtaz to Shiraz and Mahdavi cultivars was higher. According to grain yield in water stress at flowering stage to no water stress decreased 13 percent, but less than two rounds done of irrigation (468m3 ha-1) and water use efficiency significantly 60% increased. According to the results, the use of zinc at 2.5 mg kg-1 concentration in reducing water stress and using Pishtaz cultivar in water stress condition is recommended.

2012 Accepted:DecCharacterizing genetic architecture of different traits including combining ability, gene action and partitioning of phenotypic variance are considered as the major issues in plant breeding. To study the genetic architecture of rice quality characters, five various rice genotypes namely Neda, Dasht, Domsiah Mashhad, Binam and IR62871-175-1-10 were crossed according to a half-diallel mating design. Genotypes including five parents and their ten F1 hybrids were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications for amylose content (AC), gel consistency (GC) and gelatinization temperature (GT) in Rice Research Institute of Iran-Amol in 2008. Analysis of combining ability using method II Griffing, revealed that both additive and non-additive effects were important for these traits. Significant ratio, ratio, showed predominance effects of additive gene actions for amylose and gel consistency that this result coincided with High value of narrow-sense heritability. Therefore, in such a circumstances, using a individual selection procedures are probably useful for improving these traits. Domsiah Mashhad, IR62871-175-1-10 and Binam genotypes have been defined as superior general combiners. Hybridization between Neda × Binam and Neda × IR62871-175-1-10 produced the best results for these evaluated traits. Hayman analysis method showed over dominance genetic behaviors for all studied traits except for GC, based on values of mean degree of dominance (H1/D) 1/2. Estimation of relative gene distribution showed an asymmetry distribution in parents. Non-significant E component indicated least influence of environment in expression of theses traits and This result is corroborated by coefficient of variation (CV).

Deficit irrigation is an effective method for alleviation of drought impacts and water usage reducing in drought period. Deficit (or regulated deficit) irrigation is one way to improve efficiency of water usage that crop is exposed to a certain level of water stress during a particular period.Therefore, in order to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation on yield and its attribute and water use efficiency of cotton under the terms of tape irrigation systems, a field experiment was carried out during 2010 growing season at experimental farm of Orzoueyeh Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center in Kerman province. The treatments were laid out in split plot a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) design with three replications. The treatments were comprised of three levels of irrigation including 100 (control), 80, 60 percent of crop water requirement in main plot and two irrigation systems as sub plot consisted of surface drip irrigation system (S1), subsurface drip irrigation system (S2). The results showed that In comparison with 100 percent of crop water requirement, 80 percent of water requirement caused parsimony of water usage equal 1500 m3 ha-1, and yield, number of bolls per plant and bolls weight decreased 12%, 11% and 2.5% respectively, but WUE was increased 5%. Also 60% of water requirement treatment compared with 100 % of water requirement caused parsimony of water usage equal 3200 m3 ha-1, and yield loss, number of bolls per plant and bolls weight decreased 38%, 37% and 24% respectively. The WUE amount is the same as it. Considering the results obtained in this study in the light of water saving as the main object in deficit irrigation and water use efficiency (WUE) for cotton cultivation in Orzoueyeh, the 80% of crop water requirement is preferred.

To investigate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on reduction of water deficit stress in mungbean [Vigna radiate (L.) Wilczk] on NM92, a field experiment was conducted in split plot arrangements based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications at the Research field of Urmia university in 2009. The experiment with four irrigation regims (irrigation after 50, 100, 150 and 200 mm evaporation from pan class A) were assigned to main plots and two mycorrhiza species; Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and a non-inoculated treatment were randomized in sub-plots. The results of this study showed that in both mycorrhizae species significantly (P<0.05) increased the grain yield, so Glomus intraradices whit (1537.55 kg/ha) and Glomus mosseae whit (1506.30 kg/ha) had the highest grain yield. Non inoculated treatment had the lowest (1301.85 kg/ha) grain yield. Water deficit stress × mycorrhiza intraction showed that in Glomus intraradices treatment because higher colonization percentage compared with Glomus mosseae with increasing water deficit stress increased pods/plant and seeds/plant. Results showed that the highest (1678.50 kg/ha) and lowest (1154.16 kg/ha) grain yield achieved in irrigation after 50 and 200 mm evaporation from pan, respectively. With increasing water deficit stress decreased plant height and spacing the lowest pod but increased 1000 seed weight. Also, results showed that mycorrhizae species affected seed yeild of mungbean through their effect on pods/plant, seeds/plant, pod length and harvest index under well-watered and water stress conditions.

In order to study of proper safflower tillage and seed-bed preparation effect on wheat yield، This experiment carried out to study the effects of different tillage on soil physical properties and wheat yield in RCBD with 6 treatments، 3 replications in safflower–wheat rotation for 4 years in Maragheh. Tillage was done after safflower harvest by related tillage implements. Soil moisture and bulk density measured from 0-15، 15-30 and 30-45 cm depth. All data analyzed by MSTAT-C and means compared by DMRT. The results showed that there was significant difference among treatments (%1). Highest moisture belongs to T4 treatment %26. 24، %28. 93 and %30. 41. And T6 treatment had %20. 68، %22. 28 and %23. 23 the lowest moisture respectively in soil depths. In bulk density there were significant difference (%1) in soil physical and chemical properties، T4 was better treatment. Number of fertile tillers and unfertile tillers in plants، plant height، spike length، grain. spike-1، TKW، stubble yield، grain yield and biological yield were higher in T4 respect to other treatments.

In order to study the phenology and competition of potato and safflower intercropping system, present study carried out in 2009 in Ardebil. Afactorial experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with seven treatments and three replications. First treated to cultivate potatoes in net density of six plants per square meter fixed was allocated. Three dimensional culture treated potato mixture (with a density of six plants per square meted) and safflower densities of 6, 12, 18 plants per square meter was allocated and the other three trat ment densities of pure cultures of safflower 6, 12, 18, plants formed. The analysisof variance in pheology stages of pure culture and mixed with potatoes sheweed that all treatment were significant differences. Similary, the smaller of these indexes suggest weak competition in safflower as compared to potatoes. Ameuts of relative yield total of potatoes and safflower in all treatments intercropping was smaller than the one.

In order to evaluate the effects of mycorrhizal fungi and different irrigation regimes on water use efficiency (WUE) and zone profit on mungbean NM92, an experiment was conducted under field conditions at two seasons of 2009-10. A split plot experiment was based on Randomized Complete Blocks Design with three replications carried out at research field of Urmia University. Four levels of irrigation (50, 100, 150 and 200 mm evaporation from class A pan) and mycorrhiza species (Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices and non-inoculation) were arranged at main and sub plots, respectively. Combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of mycorrhiza and water stress on all traits; root colonization, grain yield, leaf nitrogen and phosphorus, water use efficiency, net profit and zone profit were significant differences (P≤0.01). Also, interaction between water stress and mycorrhiza showed significant differences(P≤0.01) on colonization percentage. With increasing water stress, colonization percentage was the most in G. intraradices compared with G. mosseae. The highest and lowest grain yield obtained from 50 and 200 mm evaporation with 1833.51 and 1139.56 kg/ha. In mycorrhiza treatments,maximum and minimum grain yield obtained in G. intraradices andnon-inoculation with 1612.72 and 1307.92 kg/ha. Although, water stress decreased grain yield, but two species of mycorrhiza strongly reduced its effect. Mycorrhiza with increasing of nitrogen, phosphorus and water use efficiency caused high grain yield under well watered and water stress. With reducing of water consumption decreased WUE; hence maximum (0.60 kg/m3) and minimum (0.32 kg/m3) WUE obtained from 200 and 50 mm evaporation from pan. G. intraradices had the highest (0.49 kg/m3) WUE. With reducing of water consumption decreased net profits, but zone profit increased due to use of water saving. Therefore, for increasing grain yield is recommended the use of G. intraradices as a biological fertilizer.

Rice is considered as one of the important crop products in Marvdasht township of Fars province. About 60 percent of rice of provinceis produced in this township. Since the turnover increscent of production factors through efficiency improvement,­was one of the most important issues in each country’s agricultural economics, the main purpose of this study was to measure the level of technical efficiency with regard to production risk of rice producers.A sample of 144 producers in the main rice growing areas of kamfirouz region of Marvdasht Township was selected 16 villages by two stage cluster sampling method. Data were then collected through interviews for farming year of 2009-2010.Technical efficiency of rice producers were estimated using translog stochastic frontier production functions, Also, effects of various social and economical factors were then studied on the level of producers technical efficiencies. Based on the results of this study, it was found that average technical efficiency for rice growers was 83 percent. There is much discrepancies between technical efficiency of the best rice producers with that of the others. Therefore, it is possible to Production increase potential have been 16 percent. The main social-economic factors affecting the technical inefficiency of rice producers have been age of farmer, educational levels, farmer’s experience, size of land units under rice cultivation, owner ship of land, and membership in production cooperative. Consequently, the marginal output risk estimates of the inputs are presented, only Fertilizers consumption have significant effect on the changes production. Nitrate fertilizer was found to be risk-increasing, whereas Phosphoric fertilizer was found to be a risk-reducing input.

Spring cold stress is a problem for wheat crops at heading and also may be damaged some other parts of this plant. The aim of this study was the investigation of spring cold stress on the physiological traits, plant pigments (total, a and b chlorophyll and Carotenoid) and cell membrane damage at the reproductive stage with the artificial conditions. For this purpose an experiment with 20 varieties of wheat with four treated cold level of stress (8 (control), +2, 0, 2 Celsius) in factorial arrangement in a randomized completely design implemented. Results of variance analysis showed the effects of interaction between cultivars spring cold levels is signification at the 5% level. Comparison between the interaction of all of traits showed the tolerant cultivars have more little cell membrane leakage and more plant pigments at the different levels of artificial Spring cold stress and PISHTAZ and AZAR 2, are the most tolerant cultivars andBECK CROSS.ROSHAN is the most susceptible cultivar. The results showed different reactions between cultivars and therefore these cultivars have considerably genetic diversity.

Rice (Oryza sativa), a salt-sensitive species, has considerable genetic variation for salt tolerance within the cultivated gene pool. To evaluate salinity effects on osmoprotectants accumulation two rice genotypes (IR29 and IR651, sensitive and tolerant respectively) accompany with two semi-tolerant Iranian rice cultivars, an experiment were carried out on the Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran in the growing season of 2006-2007 in a green house. The experiment were grown in normal condition till 6th leaf was fully expanded. Seedlings were exposed to salinity, EC 12 dS m-1 and normal conditions (EC = 1.65 dS m-1, Ushida solution base EC) for one week. Samples were taken 0, 4, 12, 24, 48, 96 and 168 h after starting the treatments. The amount of soluble organics were measured with spectrophotometer after extraction. The concentration of soluble carbohydrates in tolerant cultivars (IR651) increased significantly compared to other cultivars under saline condition. The variation of soluble proteins were not significant in all cultivars in stress treatment, but at the end of experiment protein concentration accumulated in tolerant cultivar whereas decreased in others. So the decrease of osmotic potential till to -1.43 MPa in tolerant cultivar was related to the high ability of this cultivar to synthesis of organic matter like soluble carbohydrates to prevent of dehydration.

In order to evaluate possibility of expectant planting of irrigated barley for cold regions of Esfahan province, 18 barley genotypes cultivated in Rozveh Agriculture Research Station and in a CRB design with four replications for two successive years (2005-2007).Inboth years, sowing carried out onNov 23th without irrigation and the first irrigation was done on late March. All other farm practices were done as usual. Results showed that grain yield and yield components significantly affected by year and genotype (P<0.01). And the interaction of year and genotype affected biomass and thousand kernel weight (P<0.01), and grain yield and other yield components (P<0.05), significantly. CB-79-13 barley line produced the highest grain yield in both years, 3635 and 1584 kg/ha, respectively. And Dasht variety produced the lowest the grain yield in both first and second year, 1272 and 520 kg/ha, respectively. Two years average grain yields of CB-79-13, MB-80-16, D5, IFN-1, Nosrat and Makooii barley genotypes were the higher than other genotypes, significantly. According to significant and strong positive correlation (R2=0.99) between biomass and grain yield, the genotypes which produced the highest grain yield, also had the highest biomass. Spikes /m2 had the highest positive significant correlation with grain yield (R2=0.78), compared with other yield components. In accordance to results of this study, to avoid of chilling and freezing damages for barley cultivation in cold regions, expectant planting is recommendable. However, various barley genotypes react differently to this method. Although, this reaction was not related to growth habit of genotypes.

Using integrated weed management is a fundamental in order to management of Sustainable agricultural system this is prerequisite to have aprecise knowleage from ecological aspects of competition between weed and crops. In order to evaluate effect planting densities and sowing deat sunflower in population and biomass weed commonly in fild located karaj. a field experiment was conduction as split plot desing in complete block desing with for replication on seed and plant improvement Institute (SPII),Karaj,Iran, during 2006. Main plots consisted of four sowing date (may 30 th Jun 20 th Jul 11 th Jul 31 th) while four planting densities (6, 8, 10, and 12 plants/m2) were chosen and layed out as sub the experiment. The result showed that sowing dateat stage growing was negligible on population Amaranthus, Convolvulus and biomass Amaranthus, while at stage generation was significantly on population and biomass Amaranthus and Convolvulus, although factor planting densities was negligible on population and biomass, but was significantly on population and biomass Convolvulus. Effect planting densities at stage generation was significantly both weeds. Effect interaction planting densities and sowing date was negligible on population and biomass both weeds, but at stage generation was significantly both weeds population and biomass. The first planting date (i.e. 30 May) with 12 plants/m2 and the latest planting date (i.e. 31 July) with 6 plants/m2 produced the lowest society (6.25 no. per m-2) forredroot pigweed, (14 no. per m-2) for note weed and the highest society (12.75 no. per m-2), for red root pigweed, (17.25 no. per m-2) for note weed were respectively.

This split plots experiment was conducted in research farm of Isfahan University of Technology based on randomized complete block design in triplicates to determine the genotypes with high yield and tolerance to nitrogen stress and find the best nitrogen stress indices of different barley lines. Main plot consisted of non stress (using 50 kg/ha N fertilizer before the beginning of vegetative growth, and 100 Kg/ha N fertilizer at primary stage of vegetative growth, stem enlargement and grain filling) and nitrogen stress (using 50 kg/ha N fertilizer before the beginning of vegetative growth) conditions. Sub plots were 51 barley lines. Results showed that nitrogen stress caused a significant reduction in days to heading, plant height, number of spike/m2, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index. Barley lines significantly varied in Tolerance index (Tol), mean productivity (MP), stresssusceptibility index (SSI), geometric mean productivity (GMP) and stress tolerance index(STI). Grain yield had significant positive correlation with Tol, MP, GMP and STI. Among the studied stress tolerance indices, STI and GMP were the better indices to distinguish the mosttolerant lines to nitrogen stress. Based on the result, the 40 and 15 lines were the most tolerant lines to N stress.

des the direct effects of plants in providing the food, fibers, wood and medicines, plants conserve and protect the regional biodiversity and therefore play an important role to providing biodiversity goods and services for human being. For assessing the plant diversity and effect of arid zone agricultural practices on plant diversity, a study was conducted in Shirvan, Mashhad and Gonabad. These three regions are related to Razavi and Northern Khorasan provinces and differed in mean annual air temperature and precipitation. In each region, high and low input fields of winter wheat and a natural system for comparison were selected. Use of agricultural inputs was criteria for selection of low and high input fields in each region. In grain filling stage of wheat growth (90 stage of zadoks), sampling of plants were done by use of quadrates in five replicates in each system. Plants in each quadrate were counted and species richness of plants was determined. Results showed that plant diversity changed and declined in agricultural systems, also whole plant species was affected by agricultural practices and decreased. Based on results, important weeds of winter wheat fields were not observed in natural systems. As a whole, agricultural practices result in reduction of plant diversity and this effect was greater in regions that had temperature and humid stresses.

In order to investigate the effect of different ratios of ammonium: nitrate on the photosynthesis and fatty acid composition in canola leaves (Brassica napus. L) under different salinity stress, an experiment as a factorial experiment based on randomize complete design was conducted at Agricultural Research Center in East Azerbaijan in2008 The first factor was different ratios of nitrogen sources to ammonium: nitrate at four levels as 0/ 100, 25/ 75, 50/50 and 75/ 25 and the second factor was two levels of salinity as 0 and 200 mM NaCl. Results showed that the highest fresh and dry weights, leaf area and relative water content (RWC), photosynthesis rate and potassium concentration in the leaves were obtained at nitrate: ammonium (50/ 50) in non saline condition. With increasing salinity, fresh and dry weights, leaf area, relative water content (RWC), photosynthesis and leaf potassium were significantly reduced. The fatty acid compositions in different treatments were also evaluated. Application of high amounts of ammonium on canola caused more concentration of fatty acids than application of nitrate. The highest ratio of fatty acids was measured under salinity stress when application of nitrate: ammonium was at 25:75 level. It seems that under salinity stress the application of ammonium: nitrate ratio at 50/50 level caused less injury in crop

In order to improvement of nitrogen use efficiency in two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars using chemical nitrogen and biofertilizer an experiment was conducted with nitrogen rate, biofertilization with nitragin and wheat cultivars. Results showed that with increasing of urea application number of fertile tillers per plant improved. In biofertilized seeds thousand seed weight of wheat cultivars was restricted up to 3.8 g. Kascogen produced 19.5% higher yield than Agusta. Seed biofertilization increased grain yield of wheat by 14% and 6% in Kascogen and Agusta, respectively, compared with control. In those treatments that seeds were sown after biofertilization, yield improved at lower urea rates. Increasing of urea application from 67% to 100% of recommended dose was caused a reduction of 91 and 70 kg ha-1 in yield of studied cultivars, while, in non-biofertilized seeds application of full dose of urea improved yield up to 125 and 99 kg ha-1, respectively in studied cultivars. Biofertilization could increase harvest index of wheat from 37% to 39.8%. In experiment environmental conditionusing seed biofertilization before planting we can improve yield of wheat, reduce urea application up to 33% of recommended dose and improve nitrogen use efficiency.

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of planting bed depth, soil texture and source of seed on hardness breaking of alfalfa seed (Medicago scutellata cv Robinson). This experiment was carried out in split-factorial based on Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications at the agricultural collage of Lorestan University in 2005. In first experiment, different planting bed depth (podded seed) as the first factor (zero, 4, 8, 12 centimeter) and soil texture as the second factor (sandy and clay silt) and source of seed as the third factor (Khoramabad and Karaj) were applied. In second experiment, different planting bed depth (without pod seed) as the first factor (zero, 2, 4, 6 centimeter) and soil texture as the second factor (sandy and clay silt) and source of seed as the third factor (Khoramabad and Karaj). The highest and the least germination percentage in podded seed were obtained from 4 and 12 centimeter soil depth, respectively. Also, the highest and the least germination percentage in without pod seed were obtained from 2 and 6 centimeter soil depth, respectively. Hardness of alfalfa seed was affected by the source of seed, so that the highest germination percentage to be gotten by Khoramabad seed source. Hardness of alfalfa seed was affected by soil texture, so that the highest germination percentage was obtained from sandy soil.

In order to evaluate the effects of different sowing dates and plant densities on yield and yield components of castor bean crop, an experiment using a factorial based on randomized complete blocks with three replication was conducted at the research farm of west Azarbaijan Agricultural Research Center during 2007- 08. The first factor included three sowing dates in spring and the second factor included three planting density. Analysis of variance indicated that the effects of different sowing dates and plant densities on diffrent characteristics of castor bean crop were significant. Interaction sowing dates and plant densities was significant on biological yield. Results indicated that the highest grain and oil yield were producedof the last sowing date (5 June) and plant density 25000 plant per hectar. According to these results, last sowing date (5 June) and plant density 25000 plant per hectar are recommended.

Nowadays, infinity examples of irreparable damaging to natural resources have been occurred caused by to lack of attention and improper uses of soil and water. There are many methods which could be used to protectnatural resources against these damages. Land evaluation is one of these methods which are process of assessment of land performance when used for specified purposes. The main purpose of the study is to evaluate land suitability for Wheat using Fuzzy classification in GIS environment and compare the result to parametric methods in Shavur area, Khuzestan province. First, prepare land suitability evaluation raster maps related to effective parameters in land suitability (soil Texture, Wetness, CEC and ESP, Gypsum, CaCO3, Topography, Soil depth and pH values) using ArcGIS. Then Fuzzy maps were prepared. For producing final Fuzzy maps Analytic Hierarchy Process for weights and mixing layers were applied. Climatic requirements, landscape and soil requirements for selected crop was determined based on parametric method. Parametric method results showed 26% of the area as moderately suitable, 25% as marginally suitable and 49% as unsuitable. The Fuzzy results showed 31% of the study area as highly suitable for wheat 29 % as moderately suitable, 19% as marginally suitable and 21% as unsuitable. Based on them, it has been concluded that Fuzzy method allows obtaining results that seems to be corresponded with the current conditions in the area. In parametric framework, that relies on pair wise comparisons. For Wheat using Fuzzy classification. The results are compared to a Crisp classification using the standard FAO framework for land evaluation which, include non-physical parameters as well. In the present study, eight soil parameters, such as soil Texture, Wetness, CEC and ESP, Gypsum, CaCO3, Topography, Soil depth and pH values, are chosen for crop-land suitability analysis. Different Fuzzy membership functions obtained from the literature were employed and the weights for each parameter were calculated according to an Analytic Hierarchy Process that relies on pair wise comparisons. Climatic requirements, landscape and soil requirements for selected crop was determined based on parametric method. Finally classes of land suitability provided for each Land unit. The results with the parametric method showed 26% of the area as moderately suitable, 25% as marginally suitable and 49% as unsuitable. The results with the Fuzzy theory showed 31% of the study area as highly suitable for wheat 29 % as moderately suitable, 19% as marginally suitable and 21% as unsuitable. Based on the results it has been concluded that Fuzzy method allows obtaining results that seems to be corresponded with the current conditions in the area.