نشریه پژوهش های کاربردی زراعی
پیاپی 115 (تابستان 1396)

Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) is affected by some different stresses. Aerosol is one of the new problems that is accompanied by a drought stress in some Western and Southern parts of Iran (Marsafari, 2011). The increase of irrigation intervals reduces chlorophyll a and b and increases proline amino acid content of basil leaf (Gholdani, 2012). Zadeh Bagheri (2014) has indicated that the accumulation of sugar, chlorophyll, potassium and proline content in beans can be cause of drought-resistance in plants.
The objective of this study was the evaluate aerosols along with drought stress effects on mungbean photosynthetic pigments, nitrogen compounds, soluble sugars and grain yield.
The research was conducted to study the effect of drought and aerosol stresses on physiological traits of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) in the Lorestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center which lies at latitude 33° and 29' N, longitude 48° and 18' E, and an altitude of 1195 m above sea level in 2015. Before the beginning of the experiment, soil samples were taken in order to determine the physical and chemical properties. A split plot design based on RCBD was used with four replications. Four different irrigation regimes after 70 (well irrigated treatment), 80 , 90 and 100 mm evaporation from pan class A were assigned to main plot, and three aerosol levels did not contain aerosols (control) and using 50 and 100 mg m-3 aerosols in clay soil sours were randomized in subplots. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a b, soluble sugars and protein content in leaves were measured at flowering period and grain yield was measured at harvesting time.
The data were statistically analyzed using the MSTAT-C and SAS softwares. Comparison of means was performed using the Least Significant Difference test at 5% probability level.
Result showed that chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a was significantly affected by drought stress. Aerosol only affects chlorophyll a. Drought and aerosol stresses interaction had a significant effect on chlorophyll a and decreased it. The highest amount of chlorophyll a (0.015 mg g-1 FW) in leaves was achieved by normal irrigation in different levels of the aerosol. Chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a b significantly reduced by drought stress from 0.0083 and 0.024 in normal irrigation condition to 0.0037 and 0.01 mg g-1 FW in severe drought stress, respectively.
Sugar of leaves was also significantly reduced by drought stress from 1.86 in normal irrigation condition to 4.62 mg g-1 FW in severe drought stress. Protein content was also significantly affected by drought stress and decreased from 0.15 in normal irrigation condition to 0.05 mg g-1 DW in severe drought stress. Significant and negative linear relationship was found between drought stress and grain yield, but found a significant and positive linear relationship between drought stress and leaf proline.
In addition, according to data analysis in this experiment, the synergistic effect was found in higher levels of drought stress and aerosols on chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a b, soluble sugars and protein contents significantly decreased by drought stress. Also, Significant and negative linear relationship was found between drought stress and grain yield, but between drought stress and leaf proline was found to be significant and positive. Therefore, it seems that provision of water requirement of mungbean plant in the region, while preventing the decrease in grain yield, does not have a negative effect of aerosols on the plant.

Recognizing and evaluating the physiological parameters of crop growth, are important in the analysis of effective factors on yield and its components. With the help of these, the stages of plant growth can be evaluated and, with a brief description of growth and development, the product is evaluated (Soleymani Fard et al.,2011). The production and accumulation of dry matter can be studied through Crop Growth Rate (CGR) and Relative Growth Rate (RGR), which are two important physiological parameters (Ghiasabadi, et al., 2015). Environmental stress has a negative effect on leaf area expansion, via low leaf production rate, delayed planting, facing to extreme high and low temperatures, etc. (Karim and Siddique, 1991).Sarvada et al., (2014) reported a positive relationship between leaf area index and crop yield and biomass. They although described that physiological parameters such leaf area index and dry matter production, decreased by delayed planting. According to them, the reduction in crop yield is related to the decline in such parameters. The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate planting date for wheat and investigating the response of promising spring wheat cultivars, to climate changes in Neyshabour- Iran.
materials and ways: The experiment was carried out at Agricultural Research Station of Neyshabour during 2014-2015 growing season. A split plot experiment, based on randomized complete block design with three replications performed to investigate the effects of planting date on wheat physiological characteristics. The main plots belonged to three planting dates (October 11th, November 10th, December 10th), while subplots belonged to different spring wheat cultivars (Chamran, Pishtaz, Bahar, Sirvan, Sivand, Parsi). In order to estimating physiological characteristics, quadrat sampling was carried out with a 20×60 cm frame, at 6 growing stages: tillering, stem elongation, booting, heading, pollination and ripening. dry matter accumulation (DMA), leaf area index (LAI) and crop growth rate (CGR), were calculated using the following equations, based on growing degree day: DMA(g.m-2)=exp(a漟鳇) (1)
LAI=(a漟鳇) (2)
CGR(g.m-2.10GDD-1)=(b�)exp(a漟鳇) (3)
Yield of wheat estimated after harvesting 5.7 m2 of each plot. First rows of each plot leaved unharvest in order to minimize border effect. Random sample of plants was chosen from two middle rows (0.3 m2) to record yield components (spike per square meter, grain per spike, thousand grain weight). Harvest index calculated using yield and biomass data. Plants harvested with a combine harvester.
Results of analysis showed that planting date had a significant effect on plant height, Fertile tiller per square meter, Grain per spike, grain yield and average CGR. with delay in sowing date leaf area, crop growth rate ,dry matter accumulation decreased. effect of sowing date was significant on grain yield Results of mean comparison of sowing date on grain yield showed that date of 11 October with mean 6113( kg.ha-1) had the most grain yield. The sowing date of 10 December had the least grain yield with mean of 4124( kg.ha-1). (Table 3). Analysis of grain yield correlation with its components confirmed that spike number per square meter was most correlated with grain yield (table 5). This revealed that the reduction of spikes per square meter, was the main cause of grain yield reduction in delayed planting. There was a positive correlation between grain yield and average CGR (table 5).
In conclusion wheat plants produced more spike numbers per square meter during longer growing seasons, which resulted in higher grain yield at Neyshabour climate. Wheat common cultivars can be cultivated in October to achieve more grain yield.

Salinity is one of the major environmental stresses that decreases water availability to plant roots through reduced osmotic potential in the soil. The most important response of plants to saline soils or salty irrigation water is a reduction in growth. Salt stress causes disturbance in photosynthetic processes by ionic toxicity and also decreases photosynthetic area by osmotic stress, leading to reduced plant growth period and increased grain-filling rate (Pessarakli, 1999). One of the suitable ways to improve crop yield under salinity is to use mycorrhizal fungi. These fungi employ various mechanisms, such as enhancing plant nutrient and water status or maintaining sodium-potassium ratio, to improve salt tolerance of host plants. Another impact of water scarcity is the disruption of plant nutritional equilibrium, particularly, in relation to micronutrients. A complementary supply of micronutrients through foliar spraying can enhance plant growth under stressful conditions. In this regard, nanoparticles are considered to be superior over other forms due to being light and having high solubility and mobility, which increase their chances of contacting plants (Salehi and Tamaskoni, 2008). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of bio-fertilizers and zinc on yield, dry matter accumulation, rate and duration of grain filling in wheat under soil salinity
condition.
A factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2015. Experimental factors were soil salinity at three levels (no salinity application as control, salinity of 40 and 80 Mm as NaCl) and mycorrhizal inoculation in two levels [no application, application of mycorhizal (Glomus mosseae)] and foliar application of nano zinc oxide in three levels (no spraying of nano zinc oxide, application of 0.4 and 0.8 g lit-1). To investigate grain filling parameters in each sampling, two plants in each pot were taken. The first sampling was taken on day 13 after heading, and other samplings were taken in 3-day intervals to determine grain weight. We calculated total duration of grain filling for each treatment combination through fitting a bilinear model: Where GW is the grain dry weight, a– the GW-intercept, b– the slope of grain weight indicating grain filling rate. Effective grain filling period (EGFD) was calculated from the following equation: EGFD = the highest grain weight (g)/ratio of grain filling (g day-1)Conversely, an increase in kernel weight in filling period was calculated by using the above-cited equation in statistical software SAS via Proc NLIN DUD method.
The results showed that all the measured traits for wheat were significantly affected by mycorrhiza inoculation, salinity stress and nano zinc oxide application (Table 1). Increasing salinity level from 0 to 80 Mm reduced yield and yield components of wheat plant. The highest yield (0.45 g. per plant) was obtained from combined treatments of foliar spray of zinc nano oxide (0.8 g.lit-1) and mycorrhizal inoculation without salinity application. The lowest yield (0.32 g.per plant) was associated with the greatest concentration of salinity where no foliar spraying and no mycorrhiza were applied (Table 3). Likewise, the highest grain weight (0.0606 g) and grain-filling rate (0.0022 g.day) were achieved by combined treatments of no salinity, mychorrhizal inoculation and foliar application of zinc nano oxide (0.8 g.lit-1) and the lowest values for these traits (0.0252 g and 0.0011 g.day) were respectively obtained from the highest salinity level with no application of nano zinc oxide and mycorrhiza (Table 3). Simultaneous application of mycorrhiza and nano zinc oxide (0.8 g.lit-1) with no salinity treatment resulted in the greatest grain filling period (28.55 days) and the highest effective grain filling period (28 days). Baniabbass (2012) stated that Zn increases plant photosynthetic capacity and consequently leads to increased carbohydrate amount in plants, which in turn, results in greater dry matter production that is stored as reserves in grain. This is attributed to the vital role of zinc in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase structure and also its importance in direct synthesis of growth hormones such as auxin.
Our findings suggest that nano zinc oxide application together with mycorrhiza can improve yield and biomass performance in wheat under salinity stress.

Inroduction: Water scarcity and low atmospheric precipitation are the major challenges faced by crop production in arid and semi-arid regions. Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik, Fabaceae family), under rainfed production conditions, is subjected to end-season drought stress. The occurrence of end-season water deficit stress in rainfed system can result in crop failure and yield loss. The quantitative and qualitative yield reductions are more pronounced and unpredictable under varying rainfall situation. Supplemental irrigation is the most effective and efficient way to prevent fluctuations in yield and the achievement of desired lentil production in arid and semi-dry lands. In order to compensate for water deficit-induced damage, the biological methods such as mycorrhizal symbiosis are used as one of the most useful interactions in agricultural ecosystems. The mycorrhizal fungi can improve profitability and nutritional status of host plant due to enhanced water and nutrient (especially P) uptake under irrigated and rainfed conditions (Habibzadeh et al., 2013).
The 2-year (2014-2015) factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at West Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center. Treatments were rainfall interruption (30 May, 13 June and 27 June), mycorrhizal symbiosis (non-mycorrhizal plants and inoculation with Glomus intraradices) and irrigation (rainfed and one supplemental irrigation). Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. cv Ziba) seeds were cultivated on March 16-2014 and April 5-2015 with a density of 125 plants per square meter. Supplemental irrigation was carried out on the basis of the rainfall interruption, on 8, 14 and 17 June of the first year, and on 6, 12 and 15 June of the second year (from the beginning up to 50% of podding). The amounts of irrigation water for each of two years were respectively, 400, 465 and 470 m3/ha in 30 May, 13 June and 27 June when rainfalls interrupted. Forage (ash, protein, calcium, potassium and phosphorus) and grain (protein, potassium and phosphorus) quality were respectively determined at podding and seed maturity stage.
The results of the two-year combined analysis showed significant interactions of year, rainfall interruption, mycorrhiza and supplemental irrigation on the lentil forage and grain yield (quantity and quality). Significant interaction effects were found among “year×rainfall interruption ×mycorrhiza×supplemental irrigation” on forage protein, “rainfall interruption ×mycorrhiza×supplemental irrigation” on forage calcium and year×mychorrhiza×supplemental irrigation on forage ash. Forage yield was significantly influenced by the year effect (Table 2). Forage quality (phosphorus, calcium and protein) and grain nutrients (phosphorus) of mycorrhizal irrigated lentil plants were improved in comparison with rainfed condition. With the late interruption of rainfall (27 June), lentil grain yield under treatment of G. intraradices significantly increased in both rainfed and supplemental irrigation conditions. However, the grain yield was consistently higher when lentil plants received supplemental irrigation as compared to no irrigation (rainfed) where the greatest grain yield (472.96 ha/kg) was obtained from the mycorrhizal lentil involving supplemental irrigation under the conditions that rainfall continued till 27 June, which was 28.72 % higher than the lowest yield, which was associated with the early interruption of rainfall (May 30) and the non-mycorrhizal treatment under rainfed condition. Supplemental irrigation is a managerial factor for yield improvement and stability, which ultimately minimizes the possibility of crop failure under water deficit conditions (Oweis et al., 2004). In both two rainfed and supplemental irrigation conditions, mycorrhizal lentil produced higher forage yield. It is reported that mycorrhiza has positive impact on phosphorus and nitrogen uptake by plant leaf, leading to increased yield in both water stress and non-stress conditions (AL-Karaki et al., 2004). Lentil gave more forage yield (1048.81 kg/ha) in the second year of the experiment than the first year (939.59 kg/ha). It seems that relatively higher qualitative and quantitative yields in both mycohrrizal and non-mychorrizal lentil in the second year was due to the trial being conducted in the first year which made it possible to effectively control all the cultivation operations and provide better care for the plant in the second year. The maximum yield and quality in both lentil forage and grain were obtained from irrigated mycorrhizal treatment, indicating a synergistic effect of mycorrhiza and irrigation on the productivity of the legume crop.

One of the most limiting factors in livestock development and animal feed production in Iran is the production of poor-quality and low-yielding forages (Keshavarz Afshar et al., 2014). In most of the agricultural soils in the country, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, yield of forage crops, especially, corn is low due to limited soil organic matter and low soil nitrogen levels. The problem should be resolved by proper utilization of nitrogenous fertilizers. However, these fertilizers are often mismanaged (Jahanzad et al., 2015). In this regard, pre-sowing treatments can be employed to retain and add nitrogen and carbon to agricultural systems, and to control soil erosion. Grasses, legumes and brassicas are three major plant groups that can be used as green manure. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the pre-sowing treatments and nitrogen levels on various characteristics of silage corn.
This research was performed during the 2013-14 growing season at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University of Karaj, Iran. The experiment split plot based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. Main factors were four pre-sowing treatments including (Fallow as control, Perko PVH and Buko as green manure and livestock manure) and sub factors were three levels of nitrogen from urea (120 and 240 and 360 kg ha-1). Perko PVH and Buko belong to Brassicaceae family that if incorporated to the soil, they can increase soil organic matter content. Corn (SC 704) was planted by pneumatic machine at 12 plants m-2. At the end of the season, qualitative and quantitative characteristics, including fresh forage yield, dry forage yield, plant height, dry matter digestibility yield, dry matter intake, relative feed value and protein content were determined.
The results of variance analysis indicated that the effect of pre-sowing treatments and different nitrogen levels on fresh forage yield, dry forage yield, plant height, dry matter intake and dry matter digestibility was significant (P≤0.01) (Table 4). The highest digestible dry matter (15.43 ton ha-1) was observed in Perko PVH pre-sowing treatment and the lowest digestible dry matter (8.93 ton ha-1) was detected when the corn plant was treated by the livestock manure. Pre-sowing treatments of Perko PVH and Buko increased digestible dry matter by 46.39 and 26.09 % relative to the control treatment (fallow), respectively. Bahrani et al. (2007) reported that green manure had a significant positive effect on corn dry yield and this yield increase was attributable to a rise in total soil nitrogen content, which resulted from returning the above-ground organs of pre-sown plant to soil and rapid decomposition of its aerial parts. Among nitrogen rates, the maximum digestible dry matter (13.17 and 12.80 ton ha-1) were recorded with the application of 240 and 360 kg N ha-1, respectively. The interaction effect of pre-sowing treatments and nitrogen levels was significant on relative feed value and protein content (P≤0.05). The greatest protein content (2537.6 kg ha-1) was obtained under the pre-sowing treatment of Perko PVH along with nitrogen application rate of 240 kg ha-1. The least protein content (800.6 kg ha-1) was associated with livestock treatment and 120 kg N ha-1 rate. In addition, the results of the interaction effects indicated that pre-sowing treatments of Perko PVH and Buko and nitrogen rate of 120 kg ha-1 fell in the same statistical group with fallow control treatment and 360 kg N ha-1 rate, suggesting that as much as 240 kg ha-1 of nitrogen could be saved using the brassica green manure.
According to the results of this research, the combined use of organic fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer enhanced the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of silage corn. Hence, using the organic fertilizers led to a considerable reduction in the chemical fertilizer consumption, which can consequently decrease the detrimental environmental impacts of nitrogen fertilizers. Since the highest digestible dry matter was observed in Perko PVH pre-sowing treatment and nitrogen rate of 240 kg urea ha-1, this treatment is recommended and introduced as a superior treatment in this experiment.

Biofertilizers, which are considered to be one of the principal components of sustainable agriculture in farming ecosystems, can significantly aid in the elimination or reduction of chemical inputs from farmlands (Sharma, 2002). Vermicompost can be used as a soil additive on farmland to decrease chemical fertilizers consumption due to being able to provide plants with nutrients, increase soil cation exchange capacity, and improve soil water holding capacity (Tejada and Gonzaler, 2009). Since there is limited information available on the effect of vermicomposts on rice yield, this research was performed to investigate the effects of rate and split application time of vermicompost on yield and some agronomic traits of Tarom Hashemi rice cultivar.
The experiment was carried out as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Amol in 2014-2015. The treatments included rates of vermicompost application in four levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 ton.ha-1) as main plot and vermicompost split application time in five levels (T1: 100% basal fertilizer, T2: 50% basal 50% tillering, T3: 50% basal 50%, T4: 50% tillering 50% heading and T5: 33.33% basal 33.33% tillering.33% heading) as sub plot. Pure nitrogen from urea source at the rate of 36 kg.ha-1 was uniformly split-applied throughout the experimental plots: 50% before prior to transplanting, 25% at the tillering and 25% at the heading. At the end of the season, some agronomic traits and grain yield were determined. Data analysis was done by using MSTAT-C software and means were compared using the LSD test at the probability level of 5%.
The results showed that the effect of different rates of vermicompost was significant on all the agronomic traits and grain yield. The effect of split application of vermicompost was significant on the measured traits except for the panicle length, 1000-grain weight and harvest index. Also, the interaction effect of the treatments was not found to be significant on the agronomic traits and grain yield. The greatest average grain yields (3790 and 3868 kg.ha-1) were obtained from vermicompost application rates of 10 and 15 ton.ha-1, respectively. Under the influence of vermicompost split application, the highest rice grain yield (3863 kg. ha-1) was achieved when vermicompost was split as 33.33% basal.33% tillering.33% heading and the lowest grain yield, decrease of 16% relative to T5 treatment, was associated with no split application of vermicompost (T1). It seems that if vermicomposting is applied in three splits, it can boost plant growth and consequently increase grain yield. This has been attributed to the role of vermicompost in improving soil structure and enhancing soil physical and biological properties, which, in turn, result in increased nutrient availability in the soil during different vegetative and reproductive stages of plant growth (Afsharmanesh et al., 2016). No application of vermicompost resulted in the lowest biological yield (5743 kg. ha-1). Increasing vermicompost rate to 10 and 15 ton.ha-1 raised rice biological yield by 26 and 27%, respectively. When vermicompost was split-applied, T5 treatment produced the highest biological yield (7630 kg. ha-1), which did not show any statistical difference with T4 treatment. T1 treatment gave the least biological yield, which was almost 14.3% lower than that of T5 treatment.
According to the results of our study, the application of 15 and 10 ton.ha-1 of vermicompost and application of vermicompst in three splits over the plant growth stages led to the increase of yield and yield components in rice. This indicates that using vermicompost as a complementary fertilizer along with chemical fertilizers, although might increase production cost for growers, it can to some extent reduce nitrogen fertilizers consumption, which will be an effective step in attaining sustainability in agriculture and preserving environment.