فهرست مطالب

پژوهش های کاربردی زراعی - پیاپی 117 (زمستان 1396)

نشریه پژوهش های کاربردی زراعی
پیاپی 117 (زمستان 1396)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1396/12/25
  • تعداد عناوین: 6
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  • حسین زاهدی *، سیف الله اسماعیل پور نیازی صفحات 1-10
    به منظور مطالعه ی اثر کاربرد همگام کودهای بیولوژیکی، شیمیایی و همچنین روش کاربرد آن بر عملکرد ذرت دانه‏ای، آزمایشی در سال 94-1393 در بابل به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. عامل اول در پنج سطح(100درصد کود شیمیایی ، 100% کودشیمیایی و 100% کود بیولوژیک ، 50% کود شیمیایی + 100% کود بیولوژیک ، 25% کود شیمیایی + 100% کود بیولوژیک ، 100% کود بیولوژیک) و عامل دوم کاربرد کود بیولوژیک در سه سطح( بذرمال، آبیاری، بذرمال+ آبیاری) بودند. نتایج نشان داد که عملکرد و اجزاء عملکرد تحت تاثیر مقادیر مختلف کود شیمیایی و کود بیولوژیکی قرار گرفتند. بیشترین عملکرد دانه در تیمار 50 درصد کود شیمیایی+ کود بیولوژیک وکمترین عملکرد دانه در تیمار کود بیولوژیک به دست آمد. بیشترین و کمترین شاخص برداشت به ترتیب در تیمار کود شیمیایی و کود بیولوژیک مشاهده شد. بیشترین تعداد دانه در ردیف بلال (3/41) مربوط به تیمار (50 کود شیمیایی + کود بیولوژیک) بود. بیشترین وزن هزار دانه در تیمار (کودشیمیایی+ کود بیولوژیک) با مقدار 394 گرم بود. روش کاربرد کود بیولوژیک تاثیر معنی‏داری بر روی وزن هزار دانه نداشت با این حال بیشترین وزن هزار دانه در تیمار کاربرد کود به روش بذرمال+آبیاری با مقدار 67/346 گرم بود. نتایج نشان داد، کاربرد تلفیقی کودها ضمن افزایش عملکرد ذرت باعث کاهش قابل توجه مصرف کودهای شیمیایی می‏شود.
    کلیدواژگان: کود، عملکرد دانه، شاخص برداشت، ذرت
  • محمدرضا پهلوان راد *، غلامعلی کیخا، علی سرحدی صفحات 13-31
    به منظور بررسی تاثیر ریزجانداران حل کننده فسفات بر عملکرد گندم رقم هامون آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در سه تکرار در ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی زهک، در منطقه سیستان، در سال زراعی1392-1391 اجرا گردید. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل کود فسفره با سه سطح (مصرف براساس آزمون خاک، مصرف براساس 65 درصد آزمون خاک و شاهد) و سویه های مختلف سودوموناس فلوروسنس در پنج سطح (PSM1 inoculant، PSM2 inoculant، PSM3 inoculant ، PSM4 inoculant و شاهد) بودند. صفات مورد بررسی شامل ارتفاع بوته، طول خوشه، تعداد دانه در خوشه، وزن هزار دانه، عملکرد دانه و کارایی مصرف آب بودند. نتایج نشان داد که تیمارهای کود فسفره و ریزجانداران حل کننده فسفات بر ارتفاع بوته، وزن هزار دانه، عملکرد دانه و کارایی مصرف آب اثر معنی داری (p<0.01) داشتند. بیشترین مقدار عملکرد دانه با کاربرد کود فسفره با 65 درصد آزمون خاک بدست آمد که نسبت به کاربرد کود بر اساس آزمون خاک و شاهد به ترتیب 10 و 17 درصد بیشتر بود. همه تیمارهای حل کننده فسفات عملکرد دانه را افزایش دادند و بیشترین عملکرد با تیمار PSM3 بدست آمد که 6/26 درصد بیشتر از شاهد بود. ریزجانداران حل کننده فسفات سبب بهبود کارایی مصرف آب شدند و بیشترین کارایی مصرف آب با مایه تلقیح PSM3 بدست آمد که 23 درصد بیشتر از شاهد بود.
    کلیدواژگان: محدودیت فسفر خاک، دشت سیستان، سودوموناس فلوروسنس، کمبود آب
  • الیاس نیستانی *، مصطفی حیدری، علی اکبر عامری، حسن مکاریان صفحات 32-52
    این پژوهش در سال زراعی 95-1394 در دو مکان (ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی دیم شیروان و ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی سیساب بجنورد) در استان خراسان شمالی در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در چهار تکرار در دو شرایط دیم (تنش) و آبیاری تکمیلی به اجرا درآمد. بر اساس عملکرد دانه در شرایط تنش و بدون تنش، شاخص های: حساسیت به خشکی فیشر(SSI)، شاخص تحمل به خشکی فرناندز(STI) ، شاخص پایداری عملکرد(YSI)، شاخص میانگین بهره وری(MP)، شاخص میانگین هندسی عملکرد(GMP) و شاخص عملکرد(YI) محاسبه شدند. بر اساس تجزیه واریانس مرکب، اثر مکان برای اکثر صفات و عملکرد دانه معنی دار بود و ژنوتیپ ها از نظر عملکرد دانه دارای اختلاف معنی داری بودند. اثر متقابل ژنوتیپ مکان نیز برای اکثر صفات و صفت عملکرد دانه معنی دار بود. نتایج نشان داد، ژنوتیپ های 17 و 12 به ترتیب با 2780 و 2608 کیلوگرم در هکتار عملکرد دانه در شرایط بدون تنش و با 2263 و 2119 کیلوگرم در هکتار عملکرد دانه در شرایط تنش، نسبت به سایر ژنوتیپ ها برتر بودند. بر اساس ضرایب همبستگی محاسبه شده، شاخص های تحمل به خشکی فرناندز، میانگین بهره وری و شاخص میانگین هندسی عملکرد، بیشترین همبستگی را با عملکرد دانه داشتند. ژنوتیپ های 17 و 12 از لحاظ تمام شاخص های محاسبه شده نسبت به سایر ژنوتیپ ها در هر دو محیط تنش و بدون تنش برتری داشتند و این دو ژنوتیپ با بالاترین عملکرد دانه، متحمل ترین ژنوتیپ به خشکی نسبت به سایر ژنوتیپ ها شناخته شدند.
    کلیدواژگان: تنش کم آبی، غلات، عملکرد دانه، دیم
  • امیرهوشنگ جلالی *، حمیدرضا سالمی، علیرضا نیکویی، ساناز گوانجی، مصلح الدین رضایی، مرتضی خداقلی، نورایر تومانیان صفحات 53-73
    به منظور تعیین نیاز آبی گیاه سیب زمینی در سه اقلیم (خشک- زمستان سرد با دمای بالای نقطه انجماد - تابستان گرم A-C-W)، (خشک- زمستان سرد با دمای برابر یا کمتر از صفر- تابستان گرم A-K-W) و (نیمه خشک- زمستان سرد با دمای برابر یا کمتر از صفر- تابستان گرم SA-K-W) در استان اصفهان، پژوهشی در سال1394-1393 با استفاده از طرح کاملا تصادفی و با انتخاب مزارع نمونه در هر شهرستان انجام شد. تفاوت معنی دار از نظر آب مصرفی و بهره وری آب بین شهرستان های مختلف وجود داشت. در اقلیم A-C-W نیاز آبی خالص دامنه ای از 4674 (مبارکه) تا 5432 (اصفهان) متر مکعب در هکتار داشت. در این اقلیم دامنه ی بهره وری آب بر اساس سه شیوه آبیاری قطره ای، آبیاری بارانی و آبیاری جویچه ای به ترتیب برابر (77/5-03/4)، (04/5-52/3) و (28/4-99/2) کیلوگرم بر متر مکعب بود. در اقلیم A-K-W مقدار آب خالص در هر هکتار از 4609 (نطنز) تا 5257 (شاهین شهر) متفاوت بود. در اقلیم SA-K-W بیشترین نیاز آبی (6426 متر مکعب) و کمترین بهره وری در آبیاری جویچه ای (79/1 کیلوگرم به ازاء هر متر مکعب آب) به ترتیب مربوط به شهرستان های تیران و دهاقان بود. به طور متوسط نیاز آبی خالص سیب زمینی در سه اقلیم A-C-W، A-K-W و SA-K-W به ترتیب برابر 5044، 5078 و 5703 متر مکعب در هر هکتار محاسبه شد. بنابراین اگرچه اقلیم SA-K-W مهم ترین اقلیم تولید سیب زمینی استان اصفهان محسوب می شود ولی میانگین های پایین عملکرد با وجود آب مصرفی زیاد لزوم بازنگری عوامل مدیریتی در این اقلیم را خاطر نشان می سازد.
    کلیدواژگان: آبیاری، بهره وری آب، سیب زمینی، عملکرد
  • فرزانه امیری کیا *، صادق ناجی دومیرانی صفحات 74-92
    افزایش روزافزون جمعیت و نیاز به تامین مواد غذایی مورد نیاز آنها از دغدغه های اصلی دولتها میباشد. به دلیل اهمیت استراتژیک گندم، شناسایی مناطق مستعد مناسب کشت این گیاه زراعی با استفاده از داده های اقلیمی و فیزیوگرافی باعث افزایش عملکرد آن خواهد شد. این تحقیق با استفاده از داده های اقلیمی از قبیل دمای متوسط سالانه، دمای جوانه زنی و گلدهی و بارشهای سالانه، پاییزه، بهاره و داده های فیزیوگرافی شامل ارتفاع و شیب برای ارزیابی تناسب اراضی مستعد کشت گندم دیم در سطح استان فارس استفاده شده است. مطالعه و بررسی هر یک از این داده ها براساس نیازهای اقلیمی و فیزیوگرافی گندم دیم صورت گرفته است. با تعمیم داده ها به سطح، و پردازش آنها با استفاده از فناوری GISلایه های اطلاعاتی مربوط به هر یک از آنها تهیه و به منظور اولویتبندی و ارزیابی معیارها و لایه های اطلاعاتی در رابطه با هم، وزندهی معیارها از مدل تحلیل سلسله مراتبی (AHP) مبتنی بر روش TOPSIS استفاده گردید و همپوشانی و تحلیل فضایی لایه ها در محیط GIS صورت گرفت و در نهایت نواحی مستعد کشت گندم در استان فارس شناسایی شد. نتایج بدست آمده نشان داد که 63/13 درصد از مساحت استان در پهنه بسیار خوب قرار دارد که شامل مناطق غرب و شمال غرب استان (شهرستانهای ممسنی، کازرون، سپیدان و بخشهایی از شهرستانهای شیراز، اقلید، مرودشت و فیروزآباد) است و مستعدترین مناطق استان بوده و حدود 28 درصد از مساحت استان در پهنه های خیلی ضعیف و ضعیف برای کشت گندم دیم قرار دارد که بیشتر در نواحی شرق و شمال شرق قرار دارد.
    کلیدواژگان: گندم دیم، فارس، GIS، TOPSIS، AHP
  • مریم عبدلی نسب * صفحات 93-109
    هندوانه (Citrullus lanatus) گیاهی گرمسیری یا نیمه گرمسیری و سرشار از ترکیبات آنتی اکسیدانی می باشد. تعداد 30 اکوتیپ مهم هندوانه از مناطق مختلف کشور جمع آوری و در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار کشت گردید. تعداد 16 صفت مورفولوژیکی و فیزیولوژیکی مختلف از جمله طول، عرض و قطر بذر، طول، عرض و قطر میوه، وزن میوه، وزن گوشت، ضخامت پوست، وزن صددانه مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. تجزیه واریانس داده ها، تفاوت معنی دار برای کلیه صفات مورد مطالعه نشان داد. همبستگی صفت وزن میوه برای اکثر صفات مثبت و برای صفات طول و قطر میوه مثبت و معنی دار بود. در بررسی ضرایب تغییرات فنوتیپی، صفات تعدادگل نر، وزن صد دانه، وزن گوشت میوه و تعداد گره ساقه بالاترین مقدار را نشان دادند. تجزیه خوشه ایبه روش حداقل واریانس وارد، توده های مورد مطالعه را درچهار گروه مجزا قرار داد. بر اساس تجزیه به مختصات اصلی، دو مولفه اول بیش از 92 درصد از کل تنوع بدست آمده را توجیه نمود. در مولفه اول صفات طول، عرض و قطر بذر، فاصله میانگره، تعداد برگ، تعداد گره ساقه، طول، عرض، قطر و وزن میوه و وزن گوشت و در مولفه دوم صفات تعداد گل نر، طول برگ و وزن گوشت در جهت مثبت و صفات طول و عرض بذر و pH در جهت منفی بیشترین همبستگی را نشان دادند. ضریب تنوع ژنتیکی وراثت پذیری عمومی در اکثر صفات مورد بررسی بالا بود که حاکی از بالا بودن بازده انتخاب برای این صفات می باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: هندوانه، تجزیه کلاستر، تجزیه به مولفه های اصلی، همبستگی
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  • Hossein Zahedi *, Seifallah Esmaiel Pourniazi Pages 1-10
    Introduction
    Proper plant nutrition is an important factor in improving product quality and quantity. In plant nutrition, not only must every element available to plants is enough, but respect the balance and balance of nutrients is very important. Over the years with the indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, and failure to comply with nutrient balance considerable damage to agricultural land and thus entered (Tohidi Moghadam et al., 1386). Beneficial soil microorganisms one of the determinants of plant health and soil fertility, because in several key processes, such as biological control of pathogens, rotation of nutrients and seedling establishment (Rosas et al., 2008). While chemical fertilizers in the last 50 years have had a major role in increasing crop yield but the problems were created which dropped their positive effects and negative outcomes. Although nitrogen is not a limiting resource, but converts atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen fertilizers requires the use of fossil fuels is limited besides these sources, the cost of production of these fertilizers will also increase (Herzog et al., 2008). Soil microorganisms are important components of the soil system, because not only help to access elements in the soil, but also sticking soil particles and aggregates stability and thereby improves soil structure and reduce vulnerability to erosion (Stamford, 2008). Soil and plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR) are soil free-living bacteria. These bacteria are often seen near or even inside the plant roots (Rasouli et al., 1382).
    Materials And Methods
    In order to study the effects of integrated application of bio and chemical fertilizers as well as application method of biofertilizer on the yield and yield components of maize (Zea maize L.), an experiment was conducted in 2015 in Babol, in a factorial arrangement with completely randomized block design with three replicates. Treatments were integrated application of biological and chemical fertilizers in four levels (chemical fertilizer, ¼ chemical fertilizer biofertilizer, ½ chemical fertilizer biofertilizer, biofertilizer) and biofertilizer application method in three levels (seed inoculation, fertigation and seed inoculation fertigation).
    Results and Discussion
    Result showed that integration of biological and chemical fertilizer affected yield and yield components. The highest grain yield was obtained by application of biofertilizers ½ chemical fertilizer. The greatest and lowest harvest indices were recorded in chemical and biofertilizer treatments, respectively. The highest number of grains per ear (41.3) related to treatment (50% chemical fertilizer biofertilizer). The highest 1000 seed weight belonged to treatment (chemical fertilizer biofertilizer) by 394 Biological fertilizer application methods had no significant effect on 1000 grain weight but highest 1000 seed weight were treated with inoculation fertigation by 346.67. The method of application seed treatment irrigation method compared to the other two methods showed more favorable results, although the difference was not statistically significant. Vessy (2003) Stated that biological fertilizer material that has live microorganisms that when the seed, the plant or the soil used in soil or in plant root growth area occupied and plant growth by providing access some essential elements, stimulate. Vessy (2003) also reported that the importance of bio-fertilizers for biological nitrogen fixation by them. This researcher said that with the growth promoting bacteria capable of fixing molecular nitrogen, This consolidation was small and major biological fertilizers through the secretion of growth hormone auxin was especially Which increases the total volume of root hairs Thereby increasing the permeability of the roots and increasing the absorption of nutrients.
    Conclusion
    The results showed that combined application of these resources while increasing corn yield a significant decrease in the consumption of chemical fertilizers.
    Keywords: biofertilizer, chemical fertilizer, yield, maize
  • Gh. Keykha, M.R. Pahlavan Rad *, A. Sarhadi Pages 13-31
    Introduction
    Phosphorus (P) is the second key nutrient for plants after nitrogen and affects plant growth. Due to the complex behavior of P in acidic and alkaline soils, less than 20 % of the applied phosphorus fertilize can be utilized by plants and the remainder is fixed in the soil or changes to the forms that are not available for plant absorption (Vance et al., 2003). Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) can convert insoluble phosphate into available forms for plants through the processes of acidification, exchange reactions and production of organic acids (Pereira & Castro, 2014). Many lands in Iran's Sistan Plain contain limited available phosphorous (an average of 6.7 mg/kg), leading to reduced crop growth and yield. On the other hand, pH levels are high in the region (an average of 8.2), which has a significant impact on the reduced solubility and availability of P in the soil. Also, the region is facing an acute drought and water shortage. Hence, the research was conducted to investigate the effects of different phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms and various phosphorus fertilizer levels on wheat (Triticum aestivum) yield and water use efficiency in the Sistan region.
    Materials And Methods
    A factorial experiment based on completely randomized block design was conducted with three replications at Agricultural Research Station of Zahak located in Zahak county in the Sistan region during the growing season of 2012- 2013. The experimental site lies at latitude 30º 54´ and longitude 61º 41´ and at 483 m above sea level and has a mean annual rainfall of 55 mm. Treatments consisted of three levels of phosphate fertilizer in the form of triple superphosphate (application at rate of 125 kg/ha based on the soil test result, application at 65% of the soil test recommendation (81 kg/ha) and control without fertilizer use) and four Pseudomonas fluorescens strains (PSM1, PSM2, PSM3 and PSM4 inoculants) along with control where no inoculation was done. The wheat cultivar used in the study was Hamoon. P fertilizer was applied at sowing time. For each treatment, 12 plant lines were established, measuring 4 m in length and a spacing of 20 cm. The distance between the treatments was 1.5 m and the replications were spaced 3.5 m apart. The effects of treatments were evaluated on wheat yield and yield components as well as water use efficiency.
    Results And Discussion
    The results showed that the effect of application of different phosphorus fertilizer rates and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms as well as their interactions on plant height, 1000-grain weight, yield and water use efficiency was significant (p≤ 0.01).The greatest wheat yield (4.71 ton/ha) was obtained by the application of 65% of phosphate fertilizer based on the soil test, which was, respectively, 10 and 17% higher than the yield produced under 100% phosphate fertilizer and control treatment. PSM3 inoculant exhibited the greatest impact on plant height and was the second most effective treatment in increasing 1000-grain weight of wheat after PSM1. All phosphate-solubilizing bacteria treatments increased the wheat grain yield. PSM3 inoculant gave the highest grain yield (4.72 ton/ha), which was 26.6% more than the control. This is in agreement with the results of Babana et al., 2016 who found that PSM increased grain yield in wheat. Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms improved water use efficiency and the highest water use efficiency was associated with PSM3 inoculant that exceeded the control by 23%. An analysis of the interactive effects between phosphorus fertilization and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria application indicated that the highest grain yield of wheat (5.33 ton/ha) was related to the treatment T9 (65% phosphorus fertilizer × PSM3), which led to a 35% decrease in the use of triple superphosphate fertilizer and an increase of 28 % in the wheat grain yield as compared to the control.
    Conclusion
    The application of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain (PSM3 inoculant) together with 65% of phosphate fertilizer based on the soil test was considered to be the best treatment to obtain optimum wheat grain yield, and water use efficiency, which would result in a decrease of phosphorus fertilizer use and consequently the reduced environmental costs for wheat production in the Sistan region.
    Keywords: Soil phosphorus limitation, Sistan plain, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Water deficiency
  • E. Neyestani *, H.Makarian, A.A. Ameri, M. Hydari Pages 32-52
    Introduction
    Drought stress in arid and semiarid regions is the most crop production restricting factor. Reduction of crop productivity of these regions estimated over than 50% due to climate change and global warming at recent decades (Jaha et al., 2014). According to the Mediterranean precipitation pattern in most parts of Iran, near all rainfall happens in winter season and so drought stress usually occurs in flowering and physiological ripening stages of wheat. Understanding the response of these plants to different environmental stresses such as drought stress and other restricting factors is inevitable. Drought resistance is a quantitative trait which isn’t measurable directly. This problem appear in identification of resistant genotypes to drought stress. In order to discriminate resistant genotypes some indices were recommended based on the seed yield at normal and drought conditions. The best index is one which selected genotypes with high yields at both stressed and non-stressed conditions. Shafazadeh et al., (2004) recommended that MP, GMP and STI indices are suitable for detecting drought resistant and productive genotypes because they had significant and positive correlation with seed yield at both conditions after flowering stage.
    Material and
    Methods
    This investigation was conducted using 20 improved lines of rain-fed wheat genotypes at two places included Dry-land agricultural research station of Shirvan and Agricultural research station of Sisab, Bojnourd, Iran, in RCBD with 4 replications at two conditions included dry-land and complementary irrigation, during 2015-2016. After harvesting and measuring genotype’s yield in each condition, indices were calculated. Stress susceptibility index (SSI), Stress tolerance index (STI), Tolerance (Tol), Mean productivity (MP), Geometric mean productivity ( GMP), Sensitivity drought index (SDI), Relative drought index (RDI), Yield stability index (YSI), Yield index (YI), Relative water content (RWC) and Electrical conductivity (EC). Data analysis was done using Path, SAS and MSTAT-C software. Means comparisons were done using Duncan’s test and graphs were drown by Excel.
    Results And Discussion
    Based on the combined analysis of variances, the location effect was significant for all indices. This subject indicates that effect of location on grain yield of genotypes was different. The interaction effect of genotype × location wasn’t significant for grain yield at normal condition (Yp) but it was significant at stressed condition (Ys). These results showed that grain yield of the genotypes at normal condition for both places weren’t different but grain yield of genotypes at stressed condition were different in each place. In other word, dry land yield of genotypes was various at different places. Dry land yield of genotypes at Sisab station (Bojnourd) were higher than Shirvan station due to higher precipitation in Sisab. These results indicated that effect of genotype×environment is significant and these genotypes have enough variation (Mohammadi et al., 2015). These results showed that, genotypes No. 17 and 12 with 2780 and 2608 kg.ha-1 in non-stressed and 2263 and 2119 kg.ha-1 in stressed conditions respectively, were superior to the other genotypes.
    Conclusion
    In summary, genotypes No. 17 and 12 based on all investigated indices especially STI, GMP and MP indices were superior compared to other genotypes in both stressed and non-stressed conditions. Genotypes No. 17 and 12 had 2780 and 2608 kg.ha-1 grain yield at non-stressed condition and 2263 and 2119 kg.ha-1 grain yield at stressed condition, respectively. Therefore, these genotypes were selected among all genotypes as tolerant genotypes to drought stress. Heritability of grain yield trait at drought stress is reduced due to genotype to environment interaction. So, selecting genotypes with the lowest reduction of grain yield at end season drought stress condition would help improving grain production per unit area.
    Keywords: Cereals, Rain-fed, Drought stress, Grain yield
  • Amir Hooshang Jalali *, Hamidreza Salemi, Alireza Nikouei, Sanaz Gavangy, Moslehedine Rezaei, Morteza Khodagholi, Norair Toomanian Pages 53-73
    Introduction
    Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an annual plant and auto tetraploid and belong to the family of Solanaceae. World production of this plant in 2014 was 385 million tons per year; about 40 percent of this amount is in Asian countries. Potato crop needs water to grow to 400 to 850 mm, although some researchers have reported the level of 900 mm. Potato crop as drought-sensitive plants may yield loss even in the partial stress of water, and the reason for this is the superficial roots and low power plants for reconstruction after water stress. Water use efficiency (sometimes also called transpiration efficiency) can be defined as the ratio of the potato tuber yield to evapotranspiration. Water use efficiency in potato-based evapotranspiration has been reported 1.9 -5.3 kg m-3. The aim of the study was to evaluate the potato crop water demand and water use efficiency in Isfahan province.
    Materials And Methods
    This research was carried out in different cities of Isfahan province where cultivation of potatoes was widespread in 2014-2015. According to UNESCO, where the three main criteria of classification of the water regime, type of winter and summer type are considered, 28 climate zones are present in Iran and of these; six areas include more than 90 percent of the country. Accordingly, for the cultivation of potatoes in Isfahan province, three main climatic zones can be detected. Crop evapotranspiration is influenced by weather conditions and stages of plant growth and represents the amount of water needed in a healthy plant on a farm without water restrictions. Evapotranspiration was calculated from the following equation: ET crop=∑ Kci×EToi. In the above formula Kci and Etoi were crop coefficient, and the reference evapotranspiration, respectively. Data analysis was performed with the completely randomized design for each zone, and the means were compared by Duncan's multiple range tests (at 5% level).
    Results And Discussion
    Analysis of data related to different cities in three climatic potatoes A-C-W, A-K-W and SA-K-W in of Isfahan province was indicated that significant differences in the rates of water and water productivity level of 1%, and water consumption in different phonological stages in 5% level. In the climate of A-C-W (including 6 cities) water requirement has a range of 4674 (Mobarakeh) to 5432 (Isfahan) cubic meters. In this climate, a range of water productivity based on three methods of drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and furrow irrigation, was (4.03-5.77), (3.52-5.04), and (2.99-4.28), respectively. These numbers were in the range of values reported by other researchers (4.9-9.3 kg m-3). Water stress condition in the region is one of the reasons for high water productivity. In A-K-W climates (including 5 cities) the net water consumption per hectare was from 4609 (Natanz) to 5257 (Shahin Shahr). The SA-K-W climate (including 10 cities) the highest water requirement (6426 m3) and the lowest productivity in furrow irrigation (1.79 kg m-3) were related to Tiran and Dehaghan, respectively. On average, the water requirement of potato in three regions A-C-W, A-K-W and SA-K-W, was 5044, 5078 and 5703 m3 ha-1, respectively.
    Conclusions
    According to the results obtained in this study contrary to current advertising about the water requirement of potato, in the case of proper management of the farm, and improved the water productivity, the potato is crop similar with other crops in rotations. Even with furrow irrigation methods, water productivity in three regions A-C-W, A-K-W and SA-K-W (based on kg m-3) was (2.99-3.94), (1.96-2.3) and (1.79-2.61), respectively. This index is more than what has been reported for grains such as wheat and barley. In potato rather than the need for water to be considered as a limiting factor, pricing strategies instability, poor management of potato planting in some areas, lack of processing industries and the lack of written policies exports are facing difficulties.
    Keywords: Irrigation, Water productivity, Potato, Yield
  • Farzaneh Amiri Kia *, Sadegh Naji Domirani Pages 74-92
    Introduction
    In recent decades, one of the most important challenges to the safe cultivation of dryland cereal grains in Iran has been the lack of information on the suitable lands with a great potential to grow such crops. Considering the strategic importance of wheat, identification of suitable lands and areas for planting this crop based on environmental data assessment can result in the sustainable production of wheat in different regions (Farajzadeh, 2002).
    Nowadays, the capabilities and potentials offered by the Geographic Information System (GIS) to analyze the temporal and spatial features of land data are widely acknowledged. Using GIS to generate a land suitability map for a particular crop can illustrate the suitability of the distribution model for that crop in each map unit for the land units in the area. Geographic information system and remote sensing can be used separately in this type of study. However, using them simultaneously can significantly increase the efficiency of the study (Sarmadian et al., 2003). The investigation of climatic parameters in relation to the needs of each crop allows for an accurate assessment of the agricultural condition of the area under study. Moreover, it can aid in the identification of the most sustainable areas and the most suitable agricultural crops based on the atmospheric and physiographic parameters. In this study, attempts were made to identify and introduce the most suitable areas for dryland wheat production in Fars province using GIS software and its analysis output as well as the TOPSIS-AHP model.
    Materials And Methods
    In this study, first, the ecological requirements of dryland wheat were determined based on the available resources. Then, given the ecological needs of dryland wheat, all the necessary meteorological data was collected from the stations. Meteorological layers including the average temperature and the annual, autumn and spring precipitation interpolated by Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method – due to less error and more precision – in Arc GIS 10.3 environment in raster format with a pixel size of 30 meters. For the spatial analysis and preparation of the maps of slope layer, slope direction and elevation, the DEM of the region was executed, using Arc GIS software. The hierarchical analysis process (AHP) was used for weighting the criteria. Ultimately, the multi-criteria evaluation method of TOPSIS was used for the final analysis and modeling.
    Results And Discussion
    The results of the analysis of AHP questionnaires showed that among the factors influencing dryland wheat cultivation in Fars province, the annual precipitation rate and the average annual temperature with a weight of 0.325 and 0.212, respectively, were the most important factors, and the physiographic factors such as slope, with the weighing value of 0.30, are of the least importance for the experienced experts of agriculture in Fars province. This is in line with the results of Bhagat et al., 2009 who found that precipitation and temperature were, respectively important climatic elements in identifying suitable land areas for dryland farming. Then, the desirability rate of the agricultural areas of Fars province for wheat cultivation was determined based on the TOPSIS model. In this map, the surface of province was categorized into five groups in terms of the potential for dryland wheat cultivation, and the first group, which includes 13.63 percent of the total area of the province, was classified as a very good area for dryland wheat cultivation, which mostly consisted of the west and northwest regions of Fars province. The results obtained by the final map of the suitable areas for dryland wheat cultivation indicate that the western and northwest areas of the province are suitable for plant growth in every respect. Therefore, recognizing the suitability of these areas and prioritizing them for dryland grain cultivation, which is reliant on atmospheric precipitation, is of paramount importance. On the other hand, approximately 28 percent of the area of the province was found to be weak and very weak for growing dryland wheat, which includes the north-east and east regions, among them, Abadeh, Khorrambid, Bavanat, Neyriz, and some parts of Eghlid and Larestan, are the regions where it is virtually impossible to find a land area that is suitable and economically feasible for the dryland cultivation of wheat.
    Keywords: Dryland wheat, Fars, GIS, TOPSIS, AHP
  • Maryam Abdolinasab * Pages 93-109
    Introduction
    Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is a tropical or semi-tropical plant and it is rich in antioxidant compounds. The most production area of watermelon belongs to China followed by Turkey, United States, Iran and Republic of Korea. The study of genetic diversity is important not only for the conservation of plant materials, but also for using the heterosis in breeding programs to produce the uniform with high yielding hybrids. The province of Kerman is one of the most important areas of watermelon cultivation and production in Iran. In present study, we used the Multivariate Statistical Analysis based on several morphological and economically important physiological characteristics to evalute the variaton of the thirty ecotypes of watermelon that were collected from different parts of the Kerman province but not all around of Iran.
    Material and
    Methods
    The collected ecotypes were cultivated in a completely randomized block design with three replications in Kerman. Sixteen morphological and physiological traits were evaluated. Analysis of variance, estimation of the descriptive statistical parameters, cluster analysis, the discriminant and the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the correlation between traits and the cophenetic correlation coefficient were calculated using statistically softwares. Components of variance and coefficients of genotypic, phenotypic and environmental variation, also broad sense heritability were calculated with the corresponding formulas.
    Results and Discussion
    Analysis of variance of the evaluated traits, showed significant differences . Correlation between fruit weight and most of the traits was positive. The length, width and diameter of seeds that directly affect the seed yielding showed a positive correlation with this trait. So it is useful for increasing seed yielding. Also, the fruit length, width and diameter as well as flesh weight which are important in increasing of fruit weight, showed a positive correlation with this trait and can lead the selection for fruit yield. Cluster analysis using Ward method was classified the studied ecotypes into four groups. Based on the Principal component’s analysis, the first and second components showed more than 92 of the percent of the total variation. The coefficient of genetic diversity and heritability of the most of the studied traits were high, that indicates the high selection efficiency for these traits. The results of this study showed a great deal of diversity morphological traits in studied ecotypes. The accessions had been divided into four groups in which group 1 had the highest seed yield. Therefore, accessions of this group must be used to enhance yield. The Hejrag accession showed the minimum length, width and diameter of seeds, as well as the seed weight, so it could be used in the production of small-size seed cultivars in breeding programs.
    Conclusion
    This study supports that quantitative traits are useful tool for preliminary evaluation of genetic diversity in watermelon ecotypes. Based on Correlation studies, the traits namely, Seed diameter, Number of male flowers, Number of leaves per plant, Number of nodes, Fruit Length, Fruit Diameter and Fruit Weight had positive association with Flesh weight. Selection of parents must be based on the wider inter cluster distance and superior mean performance for fruit yielding and quality in four distinct groups. The ecotype, namely, Yazd was found to be superior for pH, flesh weight and Thickness of pericarp, so it should be utilized in further breeding program for developing superior varieties. Also, the Neyshabor accession showed the maximum seed length, width, diameter and 100 seed weight, so it could be used for production of large size seed cultivars.
    Acknowledgements: This work was supported by Iranian national science foundation (Project No. 92033924).
    Keywords: Water melon, Cluster analysis, Principal component's analysis, Correlation