نشریه پژوهش های کاربردی زراعی
پیاپی 82 (بهار 1388)

A field study was conducted at Karaj Soil and Water Research Station to evaluate the effects of bean nodulating rhizobia on the growth and yield of two bean cultivars. The experiment was carried out using two cultivars of bean, Faculty white and Naz red as well as four strains of rhizobia, one nitrogen (100 kg N/ha) as urea and a control treatment in a randomized complete block (RCBD) split plot design in four replicates. The strains were grown in YMB to obtian population density of 2108 cfu/ml and then packed following the injection to 25 g of powdered perlite. Seeds of bean were moistened with a 20% solution of Arabic gum and treated with the inocula before planting. N-fertilizer as urea was used in three equal applications at planting, flowering and pod filling. Control treatment included no inoculation or N- fertilization. Plants were sampled at flowering and physiological maturing stages. The leaf area, plant height, nodule dry weight and N-uptake of the shoots were measured at the first sampling time. With the second sampling, number and weight of the pods per plant, number of the seed per plant, 100-seeds weight, biological yield and protein content of the seeds were measured. Results showed that the inoculation increased is significant in the noduledry weight, leaf area, plant height, N- uptake of the Shoots, number and weight of poods per plant, number of the seed per plant, biologic yield, seed yield and protein content of the seeds than Control and one nitrogen (100 kgN/ha), and so L-100 strong of rhizobia has most seed yield. The cultivars had significant differences and the cultivar Naz red was superior in the measured indices.

In order to study of tolerance to drought stress in gene bank sorghum collection national plant gene bank of Iran, 126 sorghum germplasms was collected from different regions of Iran with 4 check (native sorghum) planted in augment design in year 2003-2004 and in all of germplasms irrigation interrupted from panicle appearance stage and only 14 germplasms could tolerance this condition and produced seed.then in second year 2005-2006 this materials planted in randomized complete block design with 3 replications in two separate experiments (drought and normal).While drought condition was right similar first year but in normal experiment irrigation continued to harvest stage, results of second year showed there are significant difference among characters so from compares mean was certained in drought condition germplasm Gorgan 1 and Qaenat respectively with 1473.4 and 1419.4 kg/ha and in normal condition germplasm KC90016 with unknown origin and 2363.5 kg/ha had the maximum yield.Evaluation of germplasm from aspect of drought tolerance indexes showed STI, GMP and MP have a good correlation with yield in drought and normal condition and from this indexes could use for separation of tolerate germplasms and in this study three germplasms Gorgan 1, Qaenat and KC90016 were known tolerate germplasms.

This study was conducted in two different conditions: laboratory experiments and sowing seeds and bulbs in farm condition for 4 years. In first experiment the effect of temperature including room temperature (20 ˚c), refrigerator temperature (3-5 ˚C) and alternative temperature (under zero- refrigerator) and light (16h dark /8h light and complete darkness) was studied. In second experiment the effect of sulfuric acid (98%) (5, 10, 20 and 30 minutes exposed to acid) and temperature including room, refrigerator and zero temperature were studied. A completely randomized design with four replications was used. The results of first experiment showed that cold treatments over a eight weeks period were able to break seed dormancy of 15% Allium altissimum seeds. But seeds treated in room temperature and room temperature exposed to light did not germinate. These indicated that cold temperature affected seed germination but light has no effect on seed germination of A. altissimum,. In second experiment the mean germination of seeds treated with concentrated sulfuric acid for 20 minutes in room temperature was 22.7 percent. This indicated that one of seed dormancy reasons can be hardness of seed coat which inhibits absorbing water that caused to be dormant. The results of considering the plant phenology, indicated that in the first year the seed produces only one tube leaf and at the late season growth a little bulb and after 4 or 5 years the plant will be able to flower and produce inflorescence with a daughter bulb.

Cruciferous weeds are one of the important factors that affect yield and quality of canola. To identify, determine density and study phenology of the weeds in canola fields, an investigation was carried out in ten provinces for two years (2001 – 2002). Weed densities were determined by quadratic method in W form once per month. Results showed that the relative density of cruciferous weeds was 35.11% in Tehran, 18.9% in West Azarbayjan, 20.37% in Khorasan, 1.81% in Bandar Abbas, 16.13% in Semnan, 37.71% in East Azarbayjan, 3.8% in The North of Khouzestan, 35.45% in Fars, 22.17% in Golestan, 10% in Zanjan. The mean for the 10 provinces was, 20.14%. The relative density of cruciferous weeds in East Azarbayjan and Fars were more than other provinces. In Fars, Sinapis arvensis was the dominant cruciferous weed. Dominant cruciferous weeds in Iran were: Descurainia sophia, Cardaria draba, Goldbachia laevigata, Malcolmia africana, Sinapis arvensis.

In order to development of sugar beet fall sowing in Orzoiee area study of sowing and harvesting date on production of bolting and plant growth rate on sugar beet was done.In this research tolerance to bolt of DEZ and bR1 on 3 sowing dates: Sep.10th, Sep. 22nd and Oct 11st and 3 harvesting dates: Apr 3rd, May 4th and Jun. 4 th were investigated. The results showed that: DEZ variety produced less bolting compared to BR1.There were no difference among varieties in shoot dry weight and so rate of shoot to dry weight of root.The first sowing date had the most bolting but the third sowing date had the least bolting.The first sowing date had the least rate of shoot dry weight to root dry weight among the sowing dates, and the least rate of shoot dry weight to root was observed by the third sowing date.The lay delaying of sowing date, the plants growth rate was decreased, so that the first and the third sowing dates had the most and the least growth rate respectively.The plants which had the most growth rate, had the most root yield.The CGR of first sowing date after 245 days was become negative.But the CGR of sowing plant in the third sowing date till the harvesting time was not zero, this shows that the decade of plants growth was not completed in the third sowing date.

In order to study the effects of planting pattern on yield, some agronomic traits and water use efficiency of two corn hybrids an experiment was conducted in Orzoiyeh station during 2004-2005. The experiment was split plot in randomized complete block design with four replications. Main plot was planting pattern with five levels (1-planting two rows of corn on furrow 2-planting on row on furrow (normal planting)3-planting one row on furrow with alternate furrow irrigation 4-planting one row inside furrow, 5-planting one row inside furrow and change to normal planting in vegetative stage) and sub plot was hybrid with two levels (SC700,SC704).Based on results of this study planting one row on furrow with alternate irrigation had lowest grain yield (12.4 ton/ha) but it had highest water use efficiency. There were any significant difference between other treatments of planting pattern. Between hybrids there were a significant difference for yield, yield components, and water use efficiency. Hybrid of SC704 had higher grain yield and water use efficiency than another. Based on results, planting one row on furrow with alternate furrow irrigation recommended for increasing cultivated area of corn in Orzoiyeh region

In order to study the effect of farming systems on three Iranian garlic clones (Allium sativum L.), an experiment was conducted with split plot arrangements in 3 complete blockes in the growing seasons of the year of two successive years of 2004- 2005 at the experimental farm of the Environmental Science Research Institute of Shahid Beheshti University. Two factors were evaluated in the experiment: (a) farming systems in three levels (intensive, traditional and organic farming), as the main plots and, (b) garlic clones in three levels (Atoo, Hamedan and Virani clones), as the sub-plots.Results showed that the farming systems had significant effect (p≤ 0.01) on percentage of organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen, the availability of phusforus, potassium, EC and pH of soil. Amount of these parameters were increased in transition from intensive to organic system with the exception of pH. The highest value of this parameters were obtained in organic systems. Farming systems had significant effect (p≤ 0.05), on number of plant and bulb yields, too. The highest and the lowest bulb yields were obtained in intensive (9.5 ton/ha) and organic(7.4 ton/ha) systems, respectively. Though the yield was reduced as a result of organic farming, however, positive effect on soil structure, which consequents increase yield in long term can be expected.

Datura stramonium L. is a predominant weed, in Iran Especially in South East (Kerman) and some other countries in the world, it inhibit growth of some crops (Chickpea, rice, barley, wheat and a few vegetables) mostly during the Summer. This study was conducted to determine allelopathic effects of above ground parts of Datura stramonium water extracts on important crop of Kerman area Canola (Brassica napus L.) CV, Hayola 401. The experiments were designed in completely randomized design with 5 replications. The results showed that the effects of Datura stramonium water extract of above ground parts on germination percentage, radicale and plumle growth were significant (p≤%1). Increasing water extract of Datura stramonium concentration caused reduction canola germination and growth significantly. In green house experiment, during three weeks the shoot extract of Datura stramonium were applied to potted canola plants which were irrigated at 2 day intervals with the five concentrations of extract. In another greenhouse experiment the residue of weed plant was mixed with soil. The hight, shoot dry, leaf area and chlorophyll content of the canola were recorded at 60 days after sowing. Results indicated that shoot extract of Datura stramonium and residue of it reduced plant height, leaf area and dry weight of canola. It is recommended to perform datura control before corn or other cultivation in Kerman fields, as in addition to compete with canola; Allelopathic effects of this weed also is important.

In order to determine the effect of planting date and plant densities on light extinction coefficient, light interception and grain yield, this research was conducted in Jovain-Sabsevar in Season (2004-2005). The experimental design was a split – plot based on randomized compelet block with three replications. The main plots were planting dates (Sep16,Oct7 and Oct27). Sub plots were plant densities (6,8,10,13,20 and 40 plant.m-2). The results presented that planting date had no significant effect on LAI,K,LI. But effect of planting date on number of capitul per plant, number of grain per capitul, grain yield per plant and grain yield (ton/ha) were significant. The largest number of capitul per plant, number of grains per capitual, grains yield per plant, grain yield (ton/ha) were obtained in 3th planting (Oct27). The effect of plant population on plant height, the height of first branch from the ground, LAI,K,LI, number of capitul per plant, number of grains per capitul, grain yield per plant and grain yield (ton/ha) were significant. The results showed that the largest plant height, the height of first branch from ground, LAI,K,LI and grain yield (ton/ha) were obtained in 20 and 40 plant per m2. Hence, the largest number of branch, number of capitul per plant, number of grain per capitul and grain yield per plant obtained in 6 and 8 plant per m2. But, both factors had no effect on 1000 grains weight. Plant densities had positive and significant correlation with grain yield (ton/ha), LAI, K and LI. Although plant population had negative and significant correlation with number of capitul per plant, number grain per capitul and grain yield per plant. So, LAI, LI correlation’s with of grains yield (ton/ha) was positive and significant. These factors showed linear relitionship with grain yield (ton/ha). In this investigation, LAI and LI raised with plant population increment simultaneously. Maximum light interception obtained in 40 plant per m2 (LI=92%). however, optimum light interception (LI=95%) had not obtained.