نشریه پژوهش های کاربردی زراعی
پیاپی 84 (پاییز 1388)

To study the hardseed breakdown trend in annual medic (Medicago scutellata var Robinson) in spring cultivation in Khoramabad، two medic seed lots both produced in dry farming and irrigated systems were kept under three different environmental conditions viz: 1. pods kept at soil surface among plant residues with no cultivation practices 2. pods kept at 2 cm soil depth (loam texture) and 3. pods kept at 10 cm soil depth (loam texture). Germination percent of different storage conditions were tested on monthly intervals on the first day of August، September، October and November and the data were statistically analyzed using a factorial split plots in time design with four replications. The results indicated that there is a significant difference (P<0. 05) in percentage of hard seed and the speed of hardseed breakdown trend between seeds produced in irrigated and dry farming systems. With time from physiological maturity، the percentage of hardseed significantly (P<0. 05) decreased in both seeds produced in irrigated and dry farming systems. As the depth of seed storage increased، the hard seed breakdown followed a slower trend in time for both production systems.

In order to study supplemental irrigation on two kinds of safflower in 2003، an split plot experiment was designed in six levels: without irrigation، irrigation after sowing، at jointing stage، heading stage، 50% of flowering and seed filling. This experiment was conducted in experimental design of split plot as randomized complete block design with 3 repetitions. Irrigation levels were carried out in main plots and cultivar levels were bacted in sub-plots. Results indicated that the maximum hight of the plant in supplemental irrigation was reached at jointing stage (113. 4cm). The maximum hight of plant was produced due to the interaction effect of supplemental irrigation at jointing stage and Zarghan cultivar. The effect of cultivar per 1000 weight was significant. In average s comparison at seed filling level، supplemental irrigation produced maximum seed yield (1411 Kg/ha). Actually comparing the levels of interaction effect of supplemental irrigation in seed filling level and Zarghan cultivar were more significant than others (1419 Kg/ha). The reason of better biological yield in seed filling level was because of the good-timing of supplemental irrigation in June due to the lack of effective rain-fall.

Increasing of soil fertility is one of the agronomic management methods to overcome environmental stresses which are attained by preparing nutrition with chemical and organic fertilizer usage. An experiment lay out in split plot basis of randomized complete block design with four replications in order to evaluation of reaction of line L17 soybean to cattle manure usage. Stress factor was in main plot consisting three different irrigation levels after 50، 100، and 150 mm evaporation from pan class A (including control، mid and sever stress) and cattle manure factor was in subplot including application of 0، 15، 30 and 40 t ha-1. the results showed that the maximum leaf area index (LAI) decreased by increasing of drought stress and this reduction was from 5. 1 in favorable irrigation to 3. 4 in sever drought stress. This reducing rate for accumulated dry matter of shot was from 893. 64 to 558. 02 g m-2 and for crop growth rate (CGR) was 1. 59 to 0. 94 g m-1 GDD-1. By increasing the amount of manure، the maximum leaf area index (LAI) increased from 3. 7 in lake of cattle manure usage to 5. 4 in use of 45 t ha-1 manure. This increasing rate for dry matter accumulation was from 601. 07 to 832. 26 g m-1 growth degree day -1 and for CGR was from 0. 99 to 1. 43 g m-2 GDD-1.

Interests on cultivation of oil rapeseed has been growing in Iran. In this study، effect of tillage methods on soil physical properties and yield of winter rapeseed were evaluated. The experiments were performed in miandoab in west azarbaijan province. Primary tillage methods at different depths including: moldboard plowing at depths of 25-30 cm and 15-20 cm، chisel plowing at depths of 20-25 cm and 15-20 cm، surface tillage with field cultivator at depth of 8-10 cm and surface tillage with disk at depth of 8-10 cm were the main treatments. Secondary tillage including: rotivator and disk harrow both at depth of 8-10 cm were as sub treatments. Statistical analysis showed that plowing depth had no significant effect on yield of rapeseed in loamy soils. Moldboard plowing at depth of 25-30 cm and harrowing by rotivator had the most yield. Effect of treatments on soil bulk density was siginficant، but cone index in all of treatments was not significant.

The common bean is an important food because of its high protein content and generous amounts of fiber، complex carbohydrates، and other dietary necessities. In order to determine characteristics of produced bean’s genotypes in our country and because there are some relationships between these characteristics this work was done. Thus some morphological and physiological traits of seeds of five Chiti bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars including، Talash، Mahali Khomein، Cos-16، G 14088 and GO1437 genotypes was determined. The study was carried out in Agricultural Research Center of Arak - Iran (Research Station of Khomein’s Bean) in 2004-2005. The seeds were growth in a light soil with plenty of moisture in the growing season. The seed planting was arranged as randomized block design (RBD) with four replicates. The size (length، width and thickness) of the seeds، shape index (A/B)، shape of the seeds، 100-seed-weight، the seed bigness، moisture content، testa rates، the speed and rates of the water absorption، electrical conductivity، the germination percent and percent and duration of emergence were determined that experimental design was a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. In addition correlation between parameters was determined by statistical methods. The bean cultivars had very significant difference (P<0. 01) in seed size (length 11. 6-12. 9 and width 7. 4-9. 1 mm)، shape index (1. 2-1. 6)، 100 seed’s weight (30. 8-47. 9 gr)، testa rates (8. 1-9. 07%)، the water absorption after 23. 5 hours (88. 8-124%)، electrical conductivity (1. 6-3. 6 µS/cm) and emergence duration (6. 3-11. 3 days). There wasn’t any significant difference between genotypes for percent of germination and emergence rates in the soil. All genotypes had a very good germination percent and emergence rates (more than 93% for emergence and almost 100% for germination). The results revealed that there was a significant and negative relationship between water absorption rates at 3 and 19 hours and moisture content of the seeds، but the correlation between water absorption rates at hours of 3 and 19 and emergence rates was negative but not significant. The correlations between testa rate and emergence duration، between water absorption rates at 1. 5 and 3 hours and emergence duration، between electrical conductivity and water absorption in the end of 24 hours، between electrical conductivity and testa rates، and between water absorption at 20. 5-23. 5 hours and testa rates that all correlations were positive and significant. There wasn’t any significant relationship between germination percent and other factors.

Incorporation of superior grain and cooking quality characteristics in the development of high yielding varieties has now become an essential component in rice breeding programs across the globe. However، there is still lack of basic genetic understanding pertaining to rice cooking quality traits of ‘Sadri rices’ of Iran. Therefore، a study was conducted at RRII، Rasht، Iran to estimate the combining ability، gene and cytoplasmic effects for three determining cooking quality traits i. e. amylose (AC)، gel consistency (GC)، gelatinization temperature (GT) by complete diallel analysis utilizing 2 traditional landraces and 3 improved varieties. The results clearly showed cytoplasmic effects governing all the three traits. Narrow sense heritability for AC، GT and GC were 90. 7، 75. 0، and 56. 0 respectively. Increasing amylase and decreasing gel consistency and gelatinization temperature genes were dominance in three traits were below. Therefore additive effects were higher than non- additive effects and also indicated by their narrow sense heritability. Selection for development of these traits will be successful، because environment and dominant effect are very low. The best hybrids for segregating population to quality varieties were Alikazemi× Hashemi and Alikazemi × Nemat. Khazar variety will decrease GT in generations. Alikazemi variety will increase GC in generation of it by other variety. However in breeding programs must be taken care for selection of female parent in cross for such cooking quality grain.

This study was conducted to compare the effects of sprinkler and furrow irrigation methods on sucking pests’ population، yield and water use in Hamedan region during two years. The results showed that density of thrips in sprinkler irrigation system was lower than the furrow irrigation. Also it was found that population of leafhopper decreased and the two-spotted spider mite was removed completely. The results of effects of irrigation systems on crop biomasses showed that in sprinkler irrigation it was very higher than furrow irrigation. This could be due to decreased pests’ population، decreased use of pesticides and good availability of the crop to water and fertilizer. Growth Trend and storage of potato tubers after 100 days in furrow irrigation was more than sprinkler irrigation. With decreasing shoot’s growth in sprinkler irrigation due to enough moisture and fertilizer، root’s growth increased. Harvesting at the same time indicated that yield of potato in furrow irrigation was 12. 04 % higher. It seems that delay in cutting time in sprinkler irrigation increases the yield. In general، the results indicated that water use in sprinkler irrigation was 50. 70 % less than furrow irrigation. Sprinkler system by decreasing need for chemical control could act as a part of integrated pest management. Also Sprinkler system could increase efficiency of irrigation by decreasing water resources demand، chemical control and the costs.

In order to gain optimum yield in sunflower، it is necessary for the vegetative and reproductive phases of the plant to the happened simultaneously with the favorable conditions through a suitable sowing date and production factors such as optimum plant densities. to study the effects of delay date and plant density on yield and yield components of sunflower (new hybrid of cms- 26× R- 103)، an experiment was conduct in Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII)، karaj، Iran in 2006 in split plot design with complete randomized block with two factor of sowing date in 5 levels (may 9th may 30 th Jun 20 th Jul 11 th Jul 31 th) in main plots and plant density in 4 levels (6،8،10، 12 plant / m2) in subplots. The results showed that the effect of planting date on all traits was significant (p<%1). So that the highest grain yield was achieved for the first planting date (i. e. may 9th) with 628. 8 g/m2 and a delay in sowing date، was accompanied by a significant decrease in grain yield. The effect of plant density was significant on all traits (p<%1)، except Number of filled seeds per head، Oil percentage and yield per head. So with increase plant density، grain yield and dry matter increased for all planting date. Interaction plant density × sowing date on all traits was not significant (p<%1)، except grin yield and dry matter. this research showed the planting during 9May to 30May with 12 plant /m2 are the best sowing date and plant density to obtain a suitable yield in helianthus annus var cms- 26× R- 103 in the district of the karaj، Iran.

In this study، phenolic compounds were extracted from the peel of the three varieties of potato (Cardinal، Agria، Aula) and potato chips waste (obtained from a local factory) using 90% ethanol and water then their antioxidant activity in soybean oil and potato chips waste were investigated. Ethanol extracts of potato peels had got more phenolic compounds than water extracts and the extract of Cardinal had the greatest content of phenolic compounds. Ethanol extracts after drying were added to antioxidant free soybean oil at different concentrations (0. 100، 200،300،400 and 500 PPm) and their antioxidant activity based on peroxide value were compared. Results indicated that by the increasing of antioxidant concentrations، PV was decreased and Cardinal extract at 500 PPm were the most effective natural antioxidant. Effect of this antioxidant as compare to synthetic antioxidant on the PV of soybean oil and potato chips waste showed that synthetic antioxidant was more effective than their natural counterpart.

The purpose of this research is extracting wheat under cultivation in the northern suburbs of Hamedan province. This area is recognized as one of the important poles of wheat product in Iran. To appoint an appropriate time and acquisition satellite data، it’s used the agricultural basis studies and cultivation calendar of different corps، and the spots of 2005 have been acquisitioned in 2 times. In three levels of sampling، it’s gathered comprehensive information about wheat under cultivation. Wheat under cultivation has been shown by RGB CHANGE DETECTION algorithm. Wheat index was extracted by using normal difference in similar bans. Although in these index wheat under cultivation were identified with value more than zero، another crops have negative value.

Responses of 27 Iranian wheat cultivars to callus induction، regeneration and salt tolerance was evaluated via tissue culture. Also، in order to evaluating effects of explant types on regeneration of 5 Iranian wheat cultivars، 2 type of explants، immature and mature embryos، were used. Ms medium supplemented with 2 mg/l 2،4-D was used to callus induction. The calli were subcultured on the same medium containing different salt consentration (0، 70، 140، 210 and 280 mmol/l). At regeneration phase، Ms base medium was supplemented with 1 mg/l BAP and 0. 5 mg/l IAA. Results showed that there were significant differences among cultivars regard to all evaluated characteristics (α=0. 01). Chamran was the best at control and treatment levels. After Chamran، Tajan had priority to other cultivars at control level but because Tajan is suseptible for salinity، its regeneration was diminished after adding salt to medium. Salinity reduced all studied characteristics at callus levels. The most reduction recorded at regeneration phase. In addition to، immature embryos were more efficient than matures.

To determine the relationships between different traits and grain yield، identification of elite lines and hybrids and their classification، a 6×6 half-diallel cross was used. In the next year (2006)، parents and their progenies were grown in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications and 14 traits were measured. Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among genotypes for all studied traits، indicating genetic variation between parents and hybrids. Also، factor analysis based on principal components after varimax rotation showed that 82. 47 percent of total variations between genotypes were determined by five independent factors. So that، they were nominated in five factors، named morphological characteristics، grain yield، grain dimension، maturity date and leaf angle. The proportion of variation explained by these factors was 26. 33%، 24. 27%، 14. 25%، 9. 56% and 8. 05%، respectively. The first factor was including flag leaf area، leaf area، the number of panicles per plant، panicle length and vegetative period and the second factor (grain yield factor) was including the number of grains per panicle، the number of spikelets per panicle and grain yield. These traits had high and positive factor coefficients and showed that the selection based on these two factors lead to select best genotypes. Therefore، biplot from these two first and main factors determined lines Dorfak and IR30 and hybrids Binam×Domsefid and IR30×Domsefid as best genotypes in this experiment.