نشریه پژوهش های کاربردی زراعی
پیاپی 96 (پاییز 1391)

A field experiment was conducted during 2004 in research field of Zanjan university in Zanjan province. The main goal was determining the effect of planting techniques and seed rates on rapeseed emergence، plant establishment and grain yield. A factorial experiment in the form of randomized complete block design was applied with four replications. A pneumatic and a common mechanical planter were used. Seeds were sown on flat and raised-bed with three levels of 5. 5، 7 and 8. 5 kg seed per hectare. Results showed that the planting machine had significant effect on seedling emergence (P≤0. 01) and mechanical planter had higher seedling emergence than pneumatic planter. Mechanical planter with the amount of 8. 5 kg/ha seed had higher seedling emergence (P≤0. 01) than others. Proper seed depth of mechanical planter was significantly greater (P≤0. 01) than pneumatic planter. Pneumatic planter had higher post-winter plant establishment in comparison with mechanical planter (P≤0. 05). Mechanical planter with flat planting method had minimum post-winter plant establishment (P≤0. 01). Grain per hectar was higher by using pneumatic planter with flat planting method when 8. 5 kg/ha seed was applied at sowing. It was not significant.

Fourteen genotypes were studied for grain yield and its stability in experimental stations of Ardebil،Eqlid، Arak، Zanjan، Tabriz،Mashhad،Jolgerokh،Miandoab،Hamedan and Karadj using randomized complete block design with three replications in tow years، Results of combined analysis of variance showed that the interaction effects of year×location and genotype×year×location were significant at 1% probability level، For determination of genotypes with high yield and stable، parametric and non-parametric statistics were used، Among the methods which were used. AMMI model was found more effective than the others. Based on AMMI (AMMI1،AMMI2andAMMI3) results،genotypes no; 2،5،6،7،8 and 9 were determined as stable in most of the locations، genotypes no; 9،10 and 13 for Karadj، no; 2 for Zanjan، no; 4 for Jolgerokh and Ardebil، and no; 7 for Mashhad showed specific adaptability.

In order to assess the seed yield، yield components and oil content of sunflower genotypes in sistan، condition during 2002-2003، an experiment was carried on based of randomized complete block design with 3 replications in Agricultural and Natural Resources Research center of Zahak، Iran. Each plot was include four rows in four meter and 50 cm row space.. The results showed that، genotypes had significant different for phonological traits، yield and yield components. The highest seed yield obtained from Hussun33، CMS350×R43 and CMS350×R256 genotypes (3044، 2685 and 2577 kg/ha respectively) and the lowest seed yield obtained from Record and Mehr hybrid (895 and 1557 kg/ha، respectively). The highest number of seed per head was belong to Hussun33 and CMS350×R256 genotypes (1321 and 1257 seed)، respectively and the lowest obtained from Record (236 seed). The highest and 1000 seed weight obtained from Azargol (67 g) and lowest from chernianka and CMS350×R43 genotypes (47 g). Maximum oil percentage and oil yield obtained from Azargol hybrid and Hussan33 (40. 5 percent، and 1150 kg/ha، respectively). The results of simple correlation showed that، seed number per head، and oil yield had the most correlation with seed yield (r=0. 99** and r=0. 98**، respectively). With regards to results of this experiment Hussun33، CMS350×R43، CMS350×R256 genotypes and Alester Hybrid are suitable for Sistan condition in terms of grain yield.

This present research was arranged to determine economic thresholds of three weed species in corn field including redroot pigweed، purslane and Johnsongrass. The control methods were chemical، mechanical and integrated method. The statistical design was a randomized completely block with eleven treatments in 3 replicates. The experiment was conducted at the experimental station of Agricultural and Natural Resources College of Darab، Shiraz University، in 2004 and 2005. The treatments included the application of Atrazine plus Alachlor at 1+2. 5 and 0. 5+1. 25 kg ai ha-1 used as broadcast and band application alone and in combination with rotary or sweep cultivators and mechanical weeding alone. The Results indicated that the economic thresholds in Johnsongrass was controlled by chemical، mechanical and integrated methods were 4. 371، 7. 270 and 10. 164 weed/m2 respectively. The economic thresholds of Purslane were 1. 185، 2. 104 and 1. 624 weed/m2 respectively and for the Redroot pigweed were 2. 816، 4. 886 and 3. 932 weed/m2 respectively. Furthermore’ based on the economic threshold، mechanical weed control which is an early control method should be applied. Otherwise another appropriate control method based on the plant density as envisaged by economic threshold should be considered for each weed specie.

In order to determine the effects of seed vigor on grain yield، yield component and some seed quality characteristic in spring wheat، an experiment was conducted in 2006-2007 cropping season، at Research Farm of East Azarbyjan Agricultural Jihad organization، Iran، Tabriz. Seeds of spring wheat (C. V. Kawier) were divided into four sub–samples three of which were artificially aged 40oC for 20، 25 and 30 days (V2، V3 and V4 respectively). Consequently four seed lots with different vigor levels (V1، V2، V3 and V4) were provided. Traits germination speed، growth rate، percentage viable seeds، germination rate، percentage normal seedlings، seed vigor Index، length plmule، length ridicule، seedling length and seedling dry weight for each seed lot were determined in laboratory. Subsequently، all four seed lots were sown in the field. Using R. C. B. design with four replicates. Rate and percentage emergence، percentage ground cover، number of fertile tillers and plans per unit area، ear length، grains /ear، grains /plant، number of grains per unit area، thousand grain weight، harvest index and grain yield per unit area were recorded for different treatments in the field. The effect of seed on rate and percentage emergence، percentage ground cover، number of fertile tillers and plants per unit area، number of grains and grain yield per unit area was significant. In all these traits، plants form vigorous seed lots (V1 and V2) were superior، compared to those form poor seed lots (V3 and V4). Grain yield per unit area for plants form V3 and V4 seed lots (low – vigor seeds) was 32-48% less than for plants form V1 seed lot (the most vigorous seeds). Because of this considerable effect of seed quality on grain yield of wheat، the necessity of producing high vigor seeds and also separating the effects of genotype from those of seed deterioration in variety traits become more evidence.

Permanent cultivation of sugarcane and harvesting without any balanced and enough fertilization and get out or burn trashes in fields causes problems in soil fertility، minerals get out from soil that influenced on yield and usage fertilizers. The green house experiment carried out for evaluation effects of crop residue on three sugarcane varieties in split plot experiment based on CRB with three replication at Karoun Agronomy and Industry Company in 2008. there were six levels of crop residue treatment including of wheat، maize، sugarcane، medicago، cowpea and mungbean as main plot and three levels of sugarcane varieties treatment including of CP57-614، CP69-1062، CP48-103 as sub plot. The results showed that there were the greatest of foliar dry matter، root dry matter، total dry matter، leaf area index and P percentage by medicago residue and the greatest N percentage and K percentage by mungbean residue. There were the lowest of variables by sugarcane residue. There were the greatest of foliar dry matter، total dry matter، leaf area index، P percentage and K percentage by CP48-103 variety and the greatest of root dry matter and N percentage by CP57-614 variety.

Wheat is strategically one of the important agricultural crops and an important part of human food. Regarding the growing number of population in the country، it is very important that we have correct information about the identification of agricultural areas to increase wheat farms and to yield more crops as well. Regarding the Dry-Farm capability of this crop، Climate condition is an important factor to study the possibility of dry -wheat cultivation. Rainfed wheat is also depend on the land surfaces، which place/area is suitable for economical cultivation. This research focused on the agro-climate zoning of rainfed wheat in eastern Azerbaijan province. In this regard we used the probability of 300 mm annual precipitation occurrence، autumn and spring rainfall، occurrence probability of appropriate temperature (8-14 T0C) for germination period of wheat، occurrence probability of daily maximum temperature of 25 and 30 T0C at flowering and nourishing stages using wheat growing requirements (including desired climatic conditions) of dry-farming wheat. Finally we applied all these factors as a GIS dataset layer and after that we used spatial analysis of GIS to identify susceptible area for rainfed wheat. Results of this study showed that climate parameters of temperature and precipitation are effective indexes in rainfed wheat cultivation. Secondary spatial analysis of GIS has a noticeable ability in reorganization suitable area for agriculture crops cultivation. In this research rainfed wheat modeled based important factors including climate، topography and soil condition and suitable area for rainfed wheat cultivation in Eastern Azerbaijan province، Iran recognized including highly suitable 1 percent، moderately suitable 12. 94 percent and marginally suitable 37. 12.

In order to identify drought tolerant varieties using drought tolerance indices، 24 genotypes of wheat were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications under rainfed and irrigated conditions at the Research field of Agriculture faculty، Islamic Azad University of Sanandaj. Drought tolerance indices including mean productivity (MP)، tolerance index (TOL)، geometric mean productivity (GMP)، stress susceptibility index (SSI) and stress tolerance index (STI) were calculated on the basis of grain yield per plant under irrigated (Yp) and rainfed (Ys) conditions. Highly significant differences were observed among genotypes for all indices، potential and stress grain yield that indicated the present of genetic variation. It’s possible selection among genotypes for drought tolerance، hybridization for the genetic studies and breeding programs. Correlation analysis between grain yield per plant in the rainfed and irrigated conditions with drought tolerance indices showed the MP، GMP and STI indices are suitable for screening wheat genotypes. Regarding these criteria and high grain yield in both of two conditions Quds، Azar2، Kavir، Chamran and Mahdavi were diagnosed drought tolerant genotypes. Gabriel Biplot Multivariate chart showed Quds، Azar2، Kavir، Chamran and Mahdavi genotypes were located near to the vectors of drought tolerance indices، MP، GMP and STI. Finally، Azar2، Quds and Kavir genotypes were introduced as the most tolerant genotypes because they produced the highest performance in rainfed condition. The distribution of genotypes in Gabriel Biplot space showed the genetic variation among genotypes to drought stress.

About 25 to 45 percent of world agricultural lands are calcareous، these soils are usually present in arid and semi arid regions that are contributing 1/3 of Iranian soils. Micro nutrients deficiencies، in some plants of these soils due to high CaCO3 is present problems in agricultural production، yields and yield contributing characters. because of these deficiencies a comparison of Zn، Cu and Mn in wheat plant by using ordinary and nano iron oxides particles of Folade Mobarake Esfehan wastes and urban solid waste compost coated with sulfur in soil was carried out in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments were five level of nano iron oxide (25-250 nm) (0، 0. 05، 0. 1، 0. 5، and 1. 0 % w/w)، five level of ordinary iron oxide (0. 02-0. 06 mm) and two level of sulfurous granular compost municipal solid (0 and 2% w/w). Results showed that reduced Mn، accordance with the amount of these iron oxide particles used in this study. Plant Mn reduction with nano particles was much more than the ordinary ones. However increased Zn and Cu.. Municipal solid waste compost coated sulfur application، also increased Zn،Cu،Mn in plant.

The main purpose of this study is to prepare soil fertility maps for Wheat using Fuzzy classification in Zarghan area، Fars province. In the present study، seven soil parameters، such as Copper (Cu)، Iron (Fe)، Manganese (Mn)، Zinc (Zn)، Organic mater (OC)، Potassium (K)، Phosphor (P) are chosen for fertility analysis and thematic maps are developed for each of the parameters with IDW model. Different Fuzzy membership functions obtained from the literature were employed and the weights for each parameter were calculated according to an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) that relies on pair wise comparisons. The results with the Fuzzy theory showed 17% of the study area as highly fertility for wheat 40 % as moderately fertility، 13% as weak fertility. For determine accuracy soil fertility map used kappa coefficient. Based on the results it has been concluded that Fuzzy method allows obtaining results that seems to be corresponded with the current conditions in the area.