نشریه پژوهش های کاربردی زراعی
پیاپی 98 (بهار 1392)

In order to study various aspects of drip (tape) irrigation method on rapeseed، its economic efficiency and water productivity compared to the surface irrigation the present study was undertaken in Kermanshah، Iran. Lateral length (m)، lateral space (cm)، and limited irrigation based on water requirement of irrigated rapeseed in the area، and several other morphological traits were studied in a Strip-Split plot design during 2002-03. The results revealed no significant differences among the treatments; therefore the most efficient treatment was identified based on economy evaluation، i. e. 70-40-120 (lateral distances (cm) - %water requirement - lateral length (m)). Significant differences observed between tape (1. 44 kg/m3water) and surface irrigation (1. 38 kg/m3water). Economic evaluation of tape irrigation system revealed its effectives and cost benefit in rapeseed

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a triploid and sterile plant which is propagated by culture of corms. Somatic embryogenesis in in vitro conditions could be used efficiently in saffron improvement. In this study the pathway of initiation، growth and development of somatic embryogenesis in saffron was studied in ABRII at 2008. At first، the suitable conditions for embryogenesis using apical and axillary corm buds cultured on MS medium containing different levels of 2،4-D and BAP hormones in factorial design based on CRD was tested and optimized. The highest amount of embryogenesis was observed in medium containing 2 mg/l 2،4-D and 1 mg/l BAP. For histological study of embryogenesis، sampling from cultured tissues at various growth stages was done. Study of the prepared slides showed two distinct types of cell in callus tissues. One normal cells with unclear cytoplasm and the other type of cells with relatively dense cytoplasm and thin cell walls (meristematic cells) that after sequential divisions produced a mass of embryonic cells. These cells were appeared on callus surface which in later stages of growth and maturation، produced buds and microcorms.

Data from wheat breeding trials، conducted over the country during 1982-1994، were used to developing models for estimating developmental stages (DS) of two wheat cultivars، Omid and Bezostaya. Developmental rate (DR) for emergence، stem elongation، heading and maturity stages was determined by using the inverse of developmental duration as the dependent variable and various temperature variables and combinations of these variables as the independent variables in a stepwise regression model. A step of the regression was considered appropriate، if the highest R2 was accompanied by the significant (P<0. 1) regression coefficient and partial coefficient of determination. Evaluation of model accuracy and sensitivity was performed using the data of Isfahan and Oromieh. Based on the ratio of absolute value of maximum deviation from the regression line، to actual period of developmental stages، (expressed as the percentages) long developmental stages were estimated well، that indicate efficiency of calculated models، especially for Omid. The results of this study indicate that the contribution of temperature and day length to various stages of development is not the same. Thus، a separate model may be needed for each cultivar and each DS. Dividing the country to homogenous groups، in respect to temperature and day length، may increase the accuracy of estimating models. This requires availability of sufficient phonological information from various climatic zones.

In order to study and comparison of twenty high-yielding purelines soybean in different regions an randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted at Karaj، moghan and Khorramabad from 2005 to 2006. The results of combined analysis showed that year×place were significant difference (p<0. 01) for grain yield and other traits. Mean comparison showed that grain yield maximum (3658 Kgha-1) was in the moghan. Purelines and check cultivare for grain yield were not significant diference but for other traits such as plant height، pod per plant and node per stem were significant diference (p<0. 01). Line 14 (Hack × T. N. 5. 94) showed the highest grain yield (3206 Kgha-1). As many as 10 purelines showed more grain yield than check. Of these lines can be used as top-lines. To determine the stable lines، stability analysis was done using of parametric methods (environmental variance، coefficient variation، oekovalenz، stability of variance and finlay-wilkinson). Result of environmental variance showed that lines number 2، 7،17، and 20 with lowed value for environmental variance had the highest stability. Based on coefficient of variance، lines number 3، 13، 17 and 20 had the highest stability، respectively. Based on oekovalanz lines number 6، 9، 16، and 19، based on stability of variance lines number 5، 6، 11 and 19، and based on finlay - Wilkinson lines number 5،11، 12 and 13 had the highest stability. Respectively. Overall considering all methods of stability analysis line number 17 as a stable line and lines of number 3، 11 and 20 Were recognized in the next ranks.

Drought limits the agricultural production by preventing the crop plants from expressing their full genetic potential. Generation mean analysis was used to study the type of gene action، heritability and the best genetic model of agronomic traits under drought stress and non-drought stress conditions. The experiment was conducted using two randomized complete block design with two replications for each condition in Karaj research station on 2002. Generation mean analysis was performed with Mather and Jinks model and joint scaling test. The thirteen traits included tiller number، spike length، spike number، peduncle length، awn length، plant height، stem length، spike seed weight، spikelet per spike، plant spikes weight، grains per spikes، 100 grain weight and grain yield، were evaluated. The analysis showed disagreement of additive-dominance model for all traits، resulted that there is epistatic interactions between the genes of each trait. The epistatic interactions between the genes of each trait showed the polygeny inheritance of traits. For the majority of the traits، the degree of dominance was ranged partial-dominant to over-dominant effect. The heterosis of grain yield in non-stress and stress status was 13. 9 and 37. 9 percent، respectively، resulted the importance and magnitude of heterosis of yield under stress condition to non-stress condition. Also the heterosis and heterobeltiosis of 100 grain weight and grains per spikes as main yield components in stress condition were higher than non-stress condition.

This research was conducted to comparison of forage yield, chemical composition and digestibility of whole plant of sunflower and corn silage in equal conditions. Experimental design of randomized complete block design with three treatments (corn, sunflower before grain formation in head and sunflower after grain formation in head) and four replications were used. The ensiling according in two kg plastic jars and time of preservation was forty-five day in laboratory conditions. Results of experiment indicated that dry and fresh forage yield, percent of crude protein of forage and percent of ash, crude protein and pH in sunflower silage was greater than corn (p<0.01). On the other hand, plant height, percent of dry matter, total of water soluble sugars and starch were significantly more in corn forage compared with other treatments. In plants was studied, organic matter digestibility and crude fiber have not significantly different, while dry matter digestibility was higher in corn silage and sunflower silage before grain formation in head than sunflower with grain formation. In conclusion we can supply good quantitative and qualitative forage of sunflower, but because of higher digestibility and nutritive value and lower plant incurve to mechanized harvesting facilitate, is better indicated that plant harvesting before grain formation in head despite of lower forage yield.

Drought stress is the main environmental stress which slows crops growth. So، an experiment with three replications and twenty bread wheat genotypes in randomized complete block design were done in 2004 growing season in the field with three conditions stress، non-stress and one-irrigation in dry land agricultural research institution of sararood، kermanshah. Analysis of variance and mean comparison revealed enough genetic variation and possibility of selection for improving drought tolerance among genotypes. Drought stress reduced yield in all genotypes، but they are different in percent. The highest grain yield related to genotypes17، 20 and 11 with 9770 kg ha-1، 3630 kg ha-1 and 4180 kg ha-1 for non-stress، stress and one-irrigation، respectively. On the based of relative water content and relative water loss، genotypes 9، 11 and 20 were selected for stress and one-irrigation conditions. In stress condition، significant positive correlation between yield with RWC، RWL، NAR and RGR were observed. The STI and MP indices in isolation of group A (cultivars have high yield in both stress and non stress conditions) were more effective. From these two indices point of view، the genotypes 9، 11 and 20 had the highest value and genotypes 1 and 2 had the lowest. On based of indices، the genotypes 9، 11، and 20 were selected for drought tolerance.

In order to study the effect of different rates of nitrogen and different densities of wild oat on yield and yield components of wheat cultivar Yavaros، an experiment was conducted in 2007-2008 growing season in Mehran. The experimental design was a split plot based on randomized complete blocks with three replications. The main plots were four levels of nitrogen (80، 120، 160 and 220 kg/ha)، and subplots were wild oat densities (0، 25، 50 and 75 plant/m2). The results showed that yield and yield components were significantly affected by different levels of nitrogen and different densities of wild oat. Interaction effects of different rates of nitrogen and different densities of wild oat were significant except 1000 seed weight. Increasing levels of nitrogen rate from 80 to 120 kg/ha increased grain yield، but excessive levels of nitrogen، reduced the grain yield. In higher densities of the wild oat increasing excessive nitrogen application did not decrease the negative effects of weed infestation on yield and yield components. The lowest grain yield (4477kg/ha) being obtained at interaction at 75 plant/m2 wild oat and 80 nitrogen rates kg/ha.

In order to investigation influence of municipal waste compost on some agronomic properties، yield and yield component of rice (Tarom cultivar)، this research was carried out as split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2008. Main factor (municipal waste compost) added to soil in 6 levels، 20 and 40 ton. ha-1، 20 and 40 ton enriched by 1/2 chemical fertilizer، chemical fertilizer and control (without application of any fertilizer). Sub plot، (fertilization years) considered 3 treatments (1، 2 and 3 years application). Results showed that the maximum biomass (1343. 7 g. m-2)، harvest index (42. 5%)، total number of grain in panicle (111. 9) and chlorophyll content (SPAD) of flag leaf and other leaves belong to 40 ton enriched compost. The highest thousand-grain weight (23. 39 g) measured in 20 ton. ha-1 treatment. The maximum number of tiller (46. 22) was recorded in 40 ton. ha-1 treatment. Application of 20 and 40 ton enriched compost، concluded the most number of filled grain in panicle. During 3 continues years application of 40 ton enriched by 1/2 chemical fertilizer the highest plant height (161 cm) was obtained. The maximum number of unfilled grain in panicle، also، belong to 3 years application of 20 ton. ha-1. Application of 40 ton enriched compost after 3 years caused the maximum panicle length (27. 76 centimeter) and paddy yield (686. 7 g. m-2) which was equal to about 2 times of paddy yield in control.

To study the effects of intercropping system of barley and broad leaf vetch (Vicia narbonensis) on forage yield and some morphological characters، an experiment was conducted during 2007-2008 cropping season in Experimental Farm of Agricultural College of Shahid Chamran University، Ahvaz. The experiment was split plots based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Planting method had three levels (row intercropping، mixed intercropping and intercropping on row) as the main factors. Planting proportions had four levels (sole-cropping of barley and vetch، 2 to 1 proportion of barley to vetch and 1 to 2 barley to vetch) as the sub factors. In order to make the mixtures، the replacement series technique was used. Dry matter yield، vetch and barley height، number of tiller and number of fertile tillers in barley and number of stems in vetch plants was measured. In this study، intercropping had the highest dry forage yield، vetch and barley plant height، number of tillers and number of fertile tillers in barley compared to sole cropping of barley and vetch plants. The trend of dry forage accumulation was very slow during first 60 days for all treatments، and then increased rapidly until 138 days after planting، except for barley sole cropping which increased up to 120 days after planting. Barley plant height had a slow positive trend at first 75 days، during next 45 days it increased faster. Then plant height had slower increasing trend in row intercropping and intercropping on row، while in mixed intercropping increasing trend did not change. Vetch plant height positive sigmoid trend in all treatments، i. e. slow increase during first 90 days، faster increase in the next 30 days، then a mild increase to the end of growing period.

In this paper by using data collected from 180 wheat farms from Khorasan Razavi Province during 2008 and by applying a logarithmic model، the farmers’ willingness to pay for substituting safe weed management approaches for weed management was estimated. The factors that affected this willingness were also studied. The results indicated that average farmers’ willingness to pay for using safe methods for weed management was 311333 Rial ha-1. The variables including farmer total annual income، cultivation area of irrigated wheat، dummy variable of perennial weeds and the awareness index of the side effect of herbicide use had positive effects on farmers’ willingness to use inorganic methods. On the contrary، the cultivation area of dryland farming had significant negative effects on farmers’ willingness to pay for safe methods. Regard to results، programming to producing of herbicides with high control efficiency and minimum of negative effects on bio components (safety herbicides)، try to introducing of suitable and effectiveness extension package to increasing of farmers awareness index to negative effects of herbicides and targeting of farmers to using safety management methods suggested.

In order to study effect of water deficit on growth، yield and yield components on three spring barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) genotypes، an experiment was conducted in Ardabil Agricultural Research Station، Iran in 2003-2004. The experiment was split plot as complete block design with three replications. Water treatment including: Well watered (Normal)، No irrigation in all growth stage (stressed) and Water stress induction after anthesis were arranged in main plots and three barley genotypes: LB-IRAN، N-81-7 and N-81-14 in sub plots. In all water treatments dry matter accumulation trend was sigmoid figure، however the value had variation under water treatment affected. Maximum and minimum LAI obtained from well watered and stressed in all growth stage treatment respectively. LB-IRAN genotype had the highest values of growth parameters. There was no significantly different on tillage per plant and grain number per ear between non- irrigated and exposing of water stress after anthesis، but 1000- grain weight of them was significantly affected. Final grain yield of non-irrigated treatment decreased compared to well watered and water stress exposing after anthesis (63. 7 and 17. 2 percent، respectively). Maximum grain number per ear obtained from LB-IRAN and N-81-14. The highest 1000- grain weight was belonging to LB-IRAN and N-81-7 genotypes. The grain yield in LB-IRAN genotype (2034 kg. ha-1) was higher than others genotypes. According to Fernandez tolerance index، N-81-14 genotype had high yield stability.

Quality evaluation of seed which is considered as a crop propagation organ and the most important input for crop production، has a special position in seed production and certification. This experiment was conducted to study the effect of different packages on oil rapeseed varieties. The studied cultivars were RGS، Talaieh and Okapi and packaging cover types were three –layer paper bag، 4-layer paper bag، propylene bag،propylene+paper and flaxen bag which was studied using factorial experiment on the basis of randomized complete block design in 3 replications. The seed containing bags were stored in Ran corporation in Firoozkoh for 1 year and standard sampling of each treatment and replication was done at the end of the storage period then seeds germination was tested. Also electrical conductivity test، average time for germination cold test and accelerated aging test have been conducted for estimating seed vigor. The results showed significant difference between cultivars in cold test and Talaei was the best، but seeds storage in the various bags had a significant effect on seed vigor as seeds in four layer and three layer paper bags had the most vigor and seeds in propylene bags and paper propylene bag had the least vigour. Also the results showed that various seed storing covers have significant effect on the average time of seeds germination، electrical conductivity and vigor after cold test and accelerated aging test and in all cases three and four layer paper bags showed the best resulting. However propylene and paper propylene bags had more deteriorating effect on seed quality. Since in the warehouse the temperature had increased up to 35°c and air relative humidity up to 75% in some months of the year، and with considering that high temperature may accelerate the incidence of some metabolic reactions and either seed deterioration، so the temperature and relative humidity have more effect on propylene and propylene paper bags.

The decomposability of soil organic matter and animal manure plays a vital role in ecosystem processes and functions. The current study explored the decomposability of three types of organic manures including poultry litter، cow and sheep dung and their impacts on microbial biomass and metabolic quotient in calcareous soils with clay and sandy loam texture. The two soils were collected from a winter wheat field and amended with organic manures. The C decomposition rates of the manures were evaluated over 60 days of laboratory incubation، and the amount of soil biomass C was assayed at the end of the incubation period. The total amount of C mineralized (i. e. CO2 production) at the end of soil incubation showed a significant difference between control soils and soils amended with animal manures. The added organic manures resulted in higher microbial activity and CO2 production، which was more sustainable in sandy loam soil with low organic C content than clay soil with higher organic C content. At the beginning of incubation period، the decomposition rate of poultry litter C in both soils was significantly greater than that of cow and sheep dung، whereas similar amounts of C was mineralized in animal manure-treated soils at the end of incubation time. The decomposition rate of cow dung in clay soil was higher than that of sheep dung at the initial stages، while the decomposition rate of the two manures in sandy loam soil was equal. The main effects of soil texture and manure type، and their interactions on microbial biomass C were statistically significant (P<0. 01). The microbial biomass C in sandy loam soil (10. 4) was about 2. 5 times higher than that in clay soil (4. 2). Results indicate the addition of organic manure to both soils had no influence on microbial biomass C. In sandy loam soils، the addition of cow dung and poultry litter produced microbial biomass C equally but higher than sheep dung. However، there were not significant differences in soil microbial biomass C among the three manures with clay soils. The two soils did not show a significant difference (P=0. 53) in the metabolic quotient (qCO2)، but the addition of manures significantly increased this parameter. The highest values for the metabolic quotient were found in sandy loam soil amended with sheep dung، and the least values were observed in the same soil amended with cow dung. In summary، results of the current study illustrate that the decomposability of the three organic manures differs significantly and may depend on soil texture. The changes in the amount of soil microbial biomass C and metabolic quotient are better related to organic manure type and soil texture.

To study the effect of different fertilizing systems on forage yield، seed yield and soil seed bank in annual medic (var. Robinson)، an experiment was conducted based on a complete randomized blocks design with three replications in two locations under irrigation conditions in Kermanshah province، Iran، in 2008. The experimental treatments consisted of: Control (without fertilizer) (T1)، Chemical، biological and integrated fertilizing systems of nitrogen and phosphorous as follows: Urea fertilizer+Triple superphosphate fertilizer (T2)، Urea fertilizer+Phosphorous solubilizing bacteria (T3)، Urea fertilizer+Mycorrhiza (T4)، Urea fertilizer+Phosphorous solubilizing bacteria+Mycorrhiza (T5)، Nitrogen fixing bacteria+triple superphosphate fertilizer (T6)، Nitrogen fixing bacteria+Phosphorous solubilizing bacteria (T7)، Nitrogen fixing bacteria+Mycorrhiza (T8)، Nitrogen fixing bacteria+Phosphorous solubilizing bacteria+Mycorrhiza (T9). Under the conditions of this experiment، the total forage yield was 7863. 3 kg/ha، seed yield was 2735. 8 kg pod/ha، and soil seed bank was 1056. 6 pod/m2 of annual medic var. Robinson. In general under the conditions of this experiment، the yield of annual medic var. Robinson receiving nitrogen fixing + phosphorous solubilizing bacteria، out yielded other fertilizing treatments. This indicates a synergistic interaction between these groups of bacteria to increase seed yield، as well as soil seed bank of annual medic var. Robison in irrigation condition.

In order to investigate the effect of different irrigation levels on sunflower yield cultivars، a field experiment was designed based on a split plot randomized complete block design with three replicates per treatment in Jiroft area in crop year 2006. In present study irrigation levels، as a main plot was set in four levels (I1:70، I2:130، I3:190، I4:250 mm evaporation from class A pan) and cultivars as sub plot (V1: Record، V2: Jernianka66، V3: Vinmic3931، V4: Golshid، V5: Perdovic). The results showed that Record and Golshid cultivars produced highest grain yield with mean value of 3617kg ha-1 and 3348kg ha-1 respectively. There was not any significant difference between them. Treatment I1 had the highest grain yield with average value of 3703 kg ha-1 which statically was not significantly different from the I2 treatment. The interaction effects of irrigation levels and varieties on grain yield were significant at 5% level of probability. The highest oil and grain yield was obtained from I1V1 treatment with the mean value of 1766 kg ha-1 and 4342 kg ha-1 respectively. The highest head diameter and weight of 1000 seed was obtained from I1V4 treatment with the mean value of 18 cm and 71. 33 g respectively.