Journal Of Pharmaceutical and Health
Volume:6 Issue: 1, Winter 2018

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem that often goes unrecognized until late-stage disease.Patients with chronic kidney disease face with uremic toxins and hyperkalemia. Also fluid overload in CKD patients is associated with rapid decline in kidney function.Lactulose is a hyper osmotic agent and as a prebioticplays an important role in regulating serum urea and potassium levels and have some effects on fluid overload. The aim of this study was to evaluate effect of lactulose on serum levels of biochemical products in patients with CKD.
In this interventional study 17 patients with end stage of CKD ( 76.47 % men; mean age 65.88 ± 13.4) were evaluated.All patients received lactulose, 10 ml, 3 times per day for 3 months. Blood samples from all participants were collected before and at the end of intervention to examine changes in biochemical parameters, including potassium, urea, creatinine and uric acid.
Lactulose significantly decreased urea levels (p=0.001), blood potassium (0.001) and fluid overload(with due attention to patient’s weight p=0.001) in patients with end-stage renal failure. The decrease in serum creatinin anduric acidwere not significant.
Lactulose administration in CKD patients could decrease levels of various deleterious elements especially urea and blood potassium, and its daily use can be recommended in these patients.

P. aeruginosa has been mentioned as the major causative agents of nosocomial infections. Pseudomonas infections are often serious and show different resistance to treatment due to distribution of antimicrobial resistance. Meanwhile, some strains are also able to form biofilm during contamination, which help bacteria to be even more persisyant to yreatment. We examined the antibiotic resistance pattern of P. aeruginosa clinical isolates against Gentamicin, Clarithromycin, Cephalosporin, Ciprofloxacin, Imipenem, Azithromycin, and Ceftazidime and the correlation of antibiotic resistance with biofilm forming capability of isolates.
Seventy two P. aeruginosa were isolated from clinical samples, by culturing on bacteriology standard methods. The isolates were confirmed by standard bacteriology tests. The antibiotic resistance pattern of isolates against antibiotics were achieved by standard method of Kirby–Bauer. Biofilm forming power of isolates were examined according to Microtiter Dish Biofilm Formation Assay standard method. The data were analysed statistically to show the correlation between biofilm forming and antibiotic resistance phenomen.
The resistance against tested antibiotics were observed by most of clinical isolates. 54% of isolates showed resistance against Azithromycin and Clarithromycin, while, only 21% showed anti- Ciprofloxacin. 10% of isolates were able to form biofilm (OD= 1.2), the biofilm forming isolates showed resistance at least against one antibiotic. A high rate of resistance was seen against ciprofloxacin (29.2%), Azitromicin (75%), Sephepim (58.3%), ceftazidime (40.3%), Claritromicin (75%) Gentamicin (50%) and imipenem (45.8%). In total, 93.1% of the isolates were characterized as MDRPA. Biofilm formation was seen in 91% of the isolates.
The high rate of MDRPA and its ability to produce biofilm is an alarm for public health. The statistical analysis showed that biofilm production in the MDRPA isolates was significantly higher than that in the non–MDRPA isolates (P

Parkinsonia aculeata and Prosopis koelziana are two spinous ornamental plant from Leguminosae family. Besides their traditional uses, many pharmacological activities have been reported from family members, although little studies have been done about their antimicrobial properties. Excessive drug resistance and ineffectiveness of some antimicrobial drugs have led to exploitation of natural sources especially plant materials for treatment of infection diseases. Present study was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial properties of methanol extract and different fractions of Parkinsonia aculeata and Prosopis koelziana growing in south of Iran against P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, M. gypseum and C. albicans.
Methanol extract and three fractions of each Parkinsonia aculeata and Prosopis koelziana including ethyl acetate, chloroform and aqueous fractions had been assayed separately against microorganisms. The antimicrobial activities of the extract and fractions were measured by standard agar diffusion Methods (disc-diffusion and well-diffusion methods). The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by measuring the inhibition zones against the test organisms in each method.
Methanol extract and chloroform fraction (at 40 mg/ml concentration) demonstrated stronger (20 and 15 mm inhibitory zones) and broader spectrum of antimicrobial activity as compared to other fractions of Parkinsonia aculeate but for Prosopis koelziana, just ethyl acetate fraction was effective (30 and 12 mm inhibitory zones in disk and well-diffusion methods respectively). In disc-diffusion method the highest bacterial and fungal inhibitory zones were related to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus niger by inhibition zones of 20 ± 0.3 and 13 ± 0.1 mm respectively. In well-diffusion assay, the best results were attributed to Aspergillus niger and Staphylococcus aureus with the inhibitory zone of 30 ± 0.2 and 16 ± 0.1 mm.
It is concluded that Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphyloccus species were more susceptible to the Parkinsonia aculeata extracts and Prosopis koelziana gave best response against Candida albicans and Aspergillus species. These results support the notion that the two plant extracts and fractions may have a role as pharmaceuticals for antimicrobial treatments. It need more extensively studies to explore its potential role in the treatment of infectious diseases.

Recently, the use of sport supplements has become so common among most athletes. These supplements may contain undeclared substances that are banned by such international authorities as WHO, IOC and WADA. The present study, thus, is aimed at examining the final sport supplement products in terms of banned substances and measuring the adulteration level in order to prove the safety of these products and promote public health. The Food and Drug Administration of the Ministry of Health and Medical Services of Iran confirms the safety of these products, monitors their production and import, and also marketing them at authorized places like the pharmacy.
According to the existing regulations in Iran and other countries, the safety of sport supplements and the level of their androgenic-anabolic steroids are monitored and measured by such methods as GC/MS, LC/MS/MS. Beside the well-known side effects of anabolic steroids, new problems have emerged from using sport supplements distributed in the black market which may contain banned substances not declared on the label. These effects will cause harmful and dangerous changes in levels steroids and heart’s structure. Conditions pertaining to hormonal imbalances may also be caused by anabolic steroids. Due to the increasing use of sport supplements in order to achieve an effective training, the presence of adulterated, illegal and unsafe products continue to be a concern for many consumers and professional athletes alike. Since using sport supplements have become perilous, a credibility gap seems to exist between the athletes and medical communities who, it is believed can be overcome by efficient supervision and monitoring of the products.

Accordingly, this study was conducted to investigate the concentration of lead and cadmium of different toothbrush brands. For this purpose, a total number of 20 toothbrushes from different brands were taken randomly. The concentration of lead and cadmium in the toothbrushes was then specified using Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS), model AAS 6200. The samples were prepared based on the technique of acid digestion. According to the results, the average concentration of lead and cadmium in the toothbrushes were 0.13 μg g−1 and 0.02 μg g−1, respectively. The highest and lowest concentrations of lead in the samples were 0.44 μg g−1 and o.o1 μg g−1, respectively. The highest and lowest concentrations of cadmium were 0.15 μg g−1 and 0.01 μg g−1, respectively. In general, the concentration of lead and cadmium in all the toothbrushes was lower than the standard limit of 2002/94 / EC. There was observed a significant relationship between the concentration of lead and cadmium and the color of toothbrushes (P

This paper is about Iranian health industry facing the challenges created by the comprehensive international sanctions. This paper aims to give a realistic account of the different positive and negative impacts of the factor of international collaboration (or rather, the lack thereof) on the dual aspects of "technological and non-technological" catching up process. The case study is radio-pharmaceutical industry in Iran during the international sanctions (2000-2013) and the aftermath. The theoretical foundation relies on a hybrid framework of technological innovation systems approach and global value chain analysis. Drawing on the first pillar, it evaluates the structural and functional analysis of the radiopharmaceutical innovation system which is now technologically self-reliant to meet the domestic needs. The study of global value chain as the second pillar, sets the backdrop to evaluate Iranian status for market-entry in the region. The paper concludes that the international sanctions have worked as inducers to reach to the technological catching –up while blocking it to entry into the regional market. The paper offers some suggestion for policy advice at the end. As the policy advice, the paper maintains that Iran is now poised, to stretch its market to neighboring countries and benefit from the geographical and relational proximity it has within the region. It proves to be not an easy task, however. To attain this objective, it needs to establish a costly infrastructure and update different laws and regulations like FD, intellectual property right and create the right atmosphere for entrepreneurship, a process of institutional catch-up which requires a separate study.

Paliperidone is a well known dopamine antagonist of the atypical antipsychotic class. In the present study Paliperidone was formulated as ER release tablets using natural and synthetic polymers separately or in combination. The aim of ER release formulation is to reduce the frequency of dosing. Tablets are prepared by direct compression method. The optimized formulations contain Paliperidone as active ingredient and Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC K100M), Ethyl cellulose, Albizia gum, Moi gum, Karaya gum and Copal gums are used as polymers. The reason for combination of natural and synthetic is to check its compatability and know the impact of each polymer on drug release. The quantity of gums that is used in the formulation is maximum of 60 mg per tablet and the synthetic polymers that are used are also 60mg per tablet. The evaluation parameters include the thickness, weight variation test, drug content, hardness, friability and in vitro release studies. The prepared formulations are F1-F9 and among the formulation F2 follows non-Fickian Transport, with Zero order, Higuchi mechanism and F3, F5 and F8 following First order. The gum Moi (F2), Albizia gum (F3) and Copal gum (F5) in combination with HPMC K100M and Copal gum with Karaya gum (F8) were successful to achieve the extended drug release for 20 hours. Based on the results it was concluded that the natural polymers can be used as an efficient matrix former to provide extended release of Paliperidone. This indicates the usefulness of the formulations for once daily dosage forms. Thus the reducing frequency of dosing increases patient compliance.

Having validated analysis methods for medicinal ingredients is attractive for pharmaceutical companies. When a new molecule is introduced to the market, there is not any pharmacopeial analysis method for that. After publishing official methods, correlation between validated in-house methods and the official one could stablish the value of the in-house method. Sitagliptin phosphate is a new antidiabetic pharmaceutical ingredient and many pharmaceutical companies are trying to manufacture high quality dosage forms with that. In the present study, a full validated in-house method for analysis of sitagliptin phosphate Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) is presented and the method is compared with newly published United State Phrmacopeia (USP) monograph. Results show that the in-house method is correlated with the USP method in regard with assay study and even could separate and detect more probable impurities in the sample. In brief a full analytical method validation based on USP general chapter (