فصلنامه پژوهش در تاریخ
سال سوم شماره 11 (تابستان 1392)

The ancient university of Jundishapur is one of the remaining works from the Sassanid Dynasty with more than seventeen centuries antiquity is regarded as one of the oldest universities made by human.Jundishapur is an ancient city located in the north of Khuzestan and has a distance of seventeen Kilometers from the Southeastern part of Dezfol which its ruins remain today and is famous for its Hospital and University. It seem that Jundishapur university was founded at the time of Shapur I and lather on repaired by Khosro Anoushiravan (khosro I) who was known to the Arab and even Byzantine as a wishe ruler. Jundishapur became a scientific center at the same time of being made and it was so famous that the city was known as the city of Hippocrates.Mani scientists from different countries were teaching and practicing medicine at this university. The present study was an attempt to investigate the geographical location background and appellation of Jundishapur by making use of descriptive method and according to medicine in ancient Iran.

Taouke of Achaemenian era, and especially at the age of Cyrus monarch, was supposed one of the important commercial and economic centers on the northern backsides of Persian Gulf. This port had been situated by a river which has been called Granis. Granis is the name of the same river as Shapoor which a branch of it called Helle pours into Persian Gulf from the north of Booshehrُs peninsula. Hence, Taoke could function as a center for commercial ships to carry their goods in the easiest way from Persian Gulf to Pars state. This part was also an assembling place for the community of kortashُs, worker, and artisans. Most of historians know todays Brazjanُs surroundings as the location of Taoke. The extant remains of Cyrus place in Brazjan demonstrates the fact that Taoke was founded in the age of this king.

Dynasties in Persia, the Parthian Empire State is one of the most significant because it is one of the longest and strongest in the darkest period of history took over 470 years to defend Iran. The Parthian (225 BC. D. 226 AD), one of the dynasties of Iranian history that ancient notable period in the present borders of Iran or outside known, however, about the Parthian period, data on issues of historical is limited. . It helps us to bring in a few brief entries on the skin, some inscriptions and writings of human clay, which is related to the Parthians, the rest of the texts that are written by the Greeks and Romans.... Look at the history of the show that often, especially the eastern and northeastern parts of Iran will never stop trying and struggling and fighting continued for a sustained and relentless follow up said. Another point in the characterization of the art of this period is the political dominance, the influence of Greek culture, the Greek satrap. This article is a brief look at the history and art of the Parthian era thrown to investigate the causes and circumstances of the Parthian dynasty’s founder, ultimately, the size and the art of the deal. Due to the nature of this paper, a cross - sectional study was to evaluate the logical choice to achieve them about. Thus, the method described in the library with an emphasis on primary sources that will be subject to analysis of the corners.

The relations between Iran and China, as two ancient civilizations, possess a long and old antecedent. These relations had been perceived on different levels such as, political, economic, cultural and other fields. However the mentioned relations had never been maintained in a harmonized manner. And sometimes have experienced some changes. In 7th century (A.H) both Iran and China were exposed to Mongolians’ attack. New atmosphere was appeared over the relations of both countries right after the completion of the conquest of Iran and China and the establishment of ancestral government of Mongols (Ilkhanian in Iran and Juan in China), so that these relations had been apparently hit the pick of its exaltation. The results and the background of the expanding of these relations will be investigated in the following essay.

Sassanid imperial trade policies affect large parts of the ancient world.The most important decades of trade booming is in the reign of first Khosrow to the end of Sasanid government and trade was used as a tool against other powers. First Khosrow with domination of commercial regions besideBlakseaand Abrisham Road could prepare a good base for Iranian traders for business during his dominion era. Despite interior conflicts during Forth Hormoz, he could overshadow western commercial areas.KhosrewParviz also could maintain commercial reign over commercial areas by creating peace contract with Bizans imperial. This article is intended to show trade from first Khosrow to Khosrowparviz by focusing on commercial factors and Sasanid imperial policies.

Shah Abbas Safavid era, especially after seeing the growing presence of Europeans in Iran are naturally present - could lay the groundwork for greater understanding between Iranians and Europeans to encounter and provide. Thus began the serious work of Christians in the time of Shah Abbas I, be back. King A. Because there are two opposing forces, namely the Uzbeks and the Ottomans in the East in the West, seeks to connect more with the Christian nations of Europe, as well as by the economic and business conditions, the Christian of Iran are very kindly will operate. and Sy, respectively. Christians to participate in religious ceremonies. This study aims. The extent possible, based on available primary sources and analytic methods to check the status of Christians in Safavid Shah Abbas I in the role and status in society and causes a positive outlook towards Christians should be paid by Shah Abbas.

Iran had witnessed massive economic, political, social and cultural evolutions in the fifty-year era of Naseri(11313-1264/1897-1848). This era was contemporaneous with international developments and industrial revolution in Europe which had a tremendous impact on Iran’s economy and society. The economic condition of Iran in this era which had been formed partly under the influence of Western countries had caused a different situation for some businessmen, which in turn had a direct effect on the country’s social and economic life from the form of foreign trade to consumption patterns.The starting point of modern history of capitalism in 19th century in Iran’s society had been accompanied by a devastating movement. The penetration of Western countries from the very first steps left extremely noisome impacts economic, social and political context and structure of this society, to such an extent that the subsistence economy of Iranian’s rural communities, which had its own special traditional agriculture and trading, affected by the entry of Western countries’ commodities had been fallen into the abyss of destruction. Cultivation of lucrative products became widespread and substituted the subsistence agriculture. Importing European goods such as: English textiles and other industrial and factory manufactured products caused damage to Iranians’ handicrafts. By the invasion of foreign commodities to Iranian’ markets and their total influence over domestic markets due to their variability of products and consequently changing the taste of all social classes and also lack of governmental support for national productions, handicrafts ended up in destruction. This factor had seriously damaged the rural self-sufficient economy, to such an extent that the rural self-sustaining economy began to decline without finding a convincing and new alternate in this area.The main focus of this research is on studying the impact of importation on national production by adherence to the basic framework of the Iran’s economic domain in Naseri era. In the first stage; the foreign trade of Iran in this era will be investigated, thereby drawing some conclusions associated to the European countries relationship with Iran. Then, the impact of excessive importation on national production will be studied. Finally, the present research attempts to answer the following questions; what was the effect of agricultural economy and industries’ traditional methods of production and Western commodities’ importation on Iranian’s life style? At this juncture, were some imported items capable of monopolizing Iran markets or not…?

The role of leaders and agents of change is necessary to clarify the history of Iran. Recognition as one of the leaders and agents of change in political behavior Toghrool and founding Saljugheyan dynasty On the one hand, explaining some of the history of Iran, On the other hand, will have a significant role in the relations between Iran and Turkmenistan. Based on this requirement, The following question was posed in a better understanding of Toghrool political behavior: "Toghrool political behavior, may be assessed as an elite, Agent, Politician how?"In other words, the positive or negative Toghrool political behavior is evaluated. In my opinion,Toghrool political behavior caught judgment is reversed. While on his political behavior, there is no consensus in the literature But with the coming of the background check and analyze the data from authoritative sources, In the final analysis Toghrool political behavior may be assessed in terms of positive behaviors.