مجله سلامت و بهداشت
پیاپی 2 (پاییز 1389)

The production of unpasteurized ice cream known as Traditional ice cream is common in Iran. Since pasteurization conditions and personal health normally don’t be fully applied in preparation and distribution of this product, probability of foodborne disease outbreaks due to these products are high. The aim of this study was to assess microbial pollution in traditional ice creams to Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae as indicators of contamination in Gorgan city. In this cross-sectional study, 100 ice-cream samples were taken randomly from all related enterprises in Gorgan city in 2010. The samples were taken to food laboratory under sterile condition and examined for microbial contamination and the results were compared with national standards. Research findings showed that the contamination rate of ice cream to Escherichia Coli and Enterobacteriaceae were 36 and 11 percent, respectively. About 40 percent of total samples were contaminated. E. coli contamination in ice-cream was appreciably higher than Enterobacteriaceae contamination. Statistically significant relationships were observed between level of contamination and employee literacy, personal hygiene, and sanitation of workplaces. Using unpasteurized milk in production of ice cream, non-compliance with health regulations, including insufficient personal hygiene, lack of properly washing and disinfection of glassware were identified as the main sources of microbial contamination of traditional ice cream. Milk pasteurization, personal hygiene, and environmental health inspections are required to prevent poisoning occurrence caused by the consumption of unhealthy ice cream. According to these results, it is necessary that health officials to consider production of ice cream to shift from traditional into industrialized one.

Fever is a common problem in ICU patients. About 70% of patients admitted in ICU suffer from high fever. Since the highest incidence of high fever occurs in patients admitted in ICU, which can lead to an increase in mortality rate, this study attempted to elucidate prevalence and cause of high fever and its relations with demographic characteristics of patients admitted in ICU. in this descriptive-analytical study, 110 patients admitted in ICU of Sanandaj hospitals (with normal temperature at arrival but having high fever (38.3 C) after 24 hours) were studied. Study group includes all febrile patients in a period of March 2008 to August 2009. A standard questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were classified and then analyzed using SPSS software. The results of this study showed that the infectious causes of fever in 28.02, 34.5, and 14.5% patients were due to catheter, ventilator-induced pneumonia, and complications of wound infection, respectively. Cause of high fever in 3.6 percent of cases was abdominal sepsis and sinusitis and Dificil diarrhea account for only 1.8%. In terms of non-infectious causes of fever, the majority of them (29.1%) were related to aspiration pneumonia. The least contributor to high fever was identified jointly to be respiratory distress syndrome, transfusion-induced fever, Decobitus Ulcer and Cholecystitis without obstruction (i.e. each accounts for 1.8 %). Chi square analysis revealed statistically significant relationships between age (P<0.01), length of stay in hospital (P<0.05) and GCS of patients (P<0.01) and fever occurrence. Fever in ICU is relatively common complication in inpatients. Frequency of this complication in current study is similar or even lower than those of conducted studies elsewhere. This finding shows that despite the lack of facilities in hospitals studied, infection control standards and principles of patient care is clearly applied.

Medical wastes include many contagious pathogens. Contact of sensitive peoples with medical wastes can lead to infection diseases. This study was conducted to determine waste management status in educational hospitals of Ardabil city and offer solutions for improvement of current situation and present problems. This descriptive-cross sectional study performed from May to July 2008. Four Educational hospitals of Ardabil city were studied. Data were collected using a checklist including 64 questions through observation. Qualitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and quantities with computing of mean and standard deviation in Excel software. The percent of infectious and non-infectious wastes in Imam, Alavi, Bou-Ali and Fatemi hospitals were 62 and 38, 64 and 36, 45 and 56, 32 and 68%, respectively. Sharp wastes were collected in Safety boxes. Storage time of wastes in temporary sites was on average 23 hours. Cats were seen in all temporary sites. Except Imam Hospital where infectious wastes were incinerated in two-kiln incinerator and only non-infectious wastes were transferred to landfill, in all other hospitals, despite of segregation of infectious and non-infectious wastes in generation sources, all of wastes were collected together and transferred to landfill. More attention should be paid to hazards and safe disposal of infectious wastes. Two significant problems in hospital wastes management are: (1) lack of knowledge of hospital personnel and manager about hospital wastes problems, (2) lack of sufficient fund for purchasing risk reduction equipments.

In unintended pregnancies different health behaviors such as receiving inadequate care during pregnancy and irregular can be seen that can cause delays start taking supplements, like iron and folic acid will. Taking folic acid before and during pregnancy to reduce neural tube defects in newborns is. Regular meetings with the weighting are associated with early maternal weight gain if not a necessary action to timely diagnosis and reduce maternal and neonatal complications are. This study compared supplement intake and appropriate weight gain and unintended pregnancies have been asked. This study is part of a broader research work was on trial case-control. Subjects all women referred for delivery to the Social Security Hospital in Hamadan in 1388 that were using continuous sampling of 270 people selected to participate in the study and asked to be intended or unintended pregnancy into two groups were. Maternal health behaviors including onset and regular consumption of iron and folic acid tablets and the appropriate pregnancy weight gain with questions or if they received prenatal care through clinics were filled. To analyze data from independent t test, chi-square and Mann - Whitney was used. Based on research findings between the two groups beginning iron supplementation (PV=0/007) and its regular consumption (PV<0/001), onset folic acid (PV<0/001) and its regular consumption (PV<0/001) significant differences were observed. Regarding appropriate weight gain during pregnancy difference between the two groups was significant (PV<0/01). Based on research findings, experiences with unintended pregnancy is associated with birth negative outcomes such as lack of adequate intake of supplements and obtain the desired weight gain. Therefore, reproductive health education, counseling before pregnancy to improve, enhance quality of care and increase preventive health care in order to adjust the pregnancy with the aim of preventing unintended birth and increased Community health is recommended.

Education and Research are needed two key elements in the university like the two wings of a bird. Evaluation of training medical faculties is considered as main tasks. Evaluation of training programs is main duty in the university of Medical Sciences. Internal evaluation is one of validation tools that represents the views of students and providers about current conditions.This study aimed to determine the profile and educational status of the Associate degree in Environmental Health School of Health and provide feedback.

This study was a descriptive and analytical Method that was conducted in seven of nine field areas based on the ten step guide internal assessment. Data and information needed were collected by using tools such as phone calls, letters, questionnaires and check list from of 45 students. Information gathered was analyzed by using SPSS software. After the program, to obtain the necessary feed back were sent to faculty officials and EDC of university. After completing the program, to obtain the necessary feedback to relevant authorities was University College and EDC.

In this study, the average age of students in research was 20/3 years, 97/8% were single students, 33% of them were male students and 67% female, 100% students were non-employed, 53% of students were native provinces and other non-indigenous. 72 Index by faculty members determined and were evaluated the internal assessment. The results showed that Mean points was 48/33 points from 72 points and the state Department of Environmental Health Technician Training Course is located in the semi-optimal. Turns, 28% index were favorable, 46% were semi-optimal and 26% of index was assessed as unsatisfactory. in the Students field, eight indicators about educational status of students was evaluated. 19 points from 24 points was gained and was assessed as desirable.

The evaluation presented 30 major proposal to develop quantitative and qualitative ones, and Environmental Health Department and Environmental Health Course for officials so that a committee was formed to follow up and bring it to fruition proposals. The most important advantage of this plan were develop rules of procedure in Environmental Health Department.

Death component as one of the most important variables of population change has long been studied by different researchers. Infant mortality rate as a scale of health development in a country has effects in life expectancy. This work reports the effects of health related factors and other potentially important variable on child mortality rates.

Our research field of study is the rural areas of Parsabad city located in the north west of Ardebil province. We studied 235 children under 5 years old death records in Parsabad health centers using a separate questionnaire as well as the interview with their parents. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Survey results shows that the pattern of child death rate in rural area is not similar to that of reported for other rural areas of country. CDR in Parsabad was higher than average value for Iran's rural area. We have observed higher mortality rates among female infants than males. Literacy of mothers conversely related to CDR and it was also higher in consangvineous marriage. CDR was increased with increasing the number of childbirth. 60% of deaths occurred in infants and 23% in children with 1 to11 months of age and the remaining 17% belonged to 1-59 months.

Our results show that an appropriate cultural plan should be applied to eliminate sex discrimination and investigate causes of congenital abnormalities

In this article, we aimed at introducing health technology assessment (HTA) as a sound scientific method for the purpose of improving health outcomes for patients and efficiencies in the health care system overall. This is a review article that aimed to investigate the literate related to health technology assessment. Relevant materials systematically selected from published works and sites and analyzed. Many countries apply “health technology assessment” as a tool for logical use of technologies, control of expenses, and preventing importing of less immune and effective technologies. Also, in this article, the purpose and application, role, factors that must be assessed, basic questions, principles, and ten basic steps of HTA and the like have been referred to. HTA has a unique potential to contribute to policy-making, strategic planning, management and the implementation of technologies in health care. It can be used as a strategic tool to overcome the disconnection between policy and research.

Social capital is one of the main factors that influences on the social and welfare development. This research discusses the influential factors in forming social capital among the youths who are 18 to 29 in Ilam city. The method of studying in this research is the kind of surveying in which the questionnaire has been applied the sample population is 400 people. That the cluster sample from the kind of multi phases has been applied for selecting them. The result shows that all of the variables have a meaningful relation with the social capital except education and occupation on the whole.Seven hypotheses are confirmed out of nine, and one hypothesis is rejected. It means that there is no meaningful relation between social capital and education and occupation on base of researches have already shown that all of the variables have a meaningful relation with the social capital and their theories have been used in this research. in order to increase social capital is planning in the field of formal and informal participation for young generation should be done. According to effect of immigration on social capital planning should be done for prevention of immigration to cities.