فصلنامه سلامت و مراقبت
سال سیزدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1390)

Health education as a way to improve people's attitudes towards health issues could persuade people to change harmful behaviors that lead to health problems. Television in Iran is responsible for health education.The main propose of this study was pathological evaluation of health education programs on TV and highlighting their content barriers. content analysis as a qualitative method was used for this study. For content analysis combination of deductive and inductive methods were used. Four categories of health education programs, medical, psychological, cookery and sport, were observed and recorded for one week, 10 hours a day (214 hours in total). SPSS was used for data analysis. During the study period, 8.72 to 15.89 percent of TV programs were allocated to health education. Findings demonstrated that minimum amount of time was dedicated to sport education with just 15 minutes per day or % 0.6 of all the programs and maximum amount of time was allocated to cuisine with 2 hours or % 5/5. In this part ofstudy, for pathological analysis of health education programs on TV a number of items such as hypochondria, doctor and patient relationship, habituation, denial (as defense mechanism), underestimating positive psychology, shortness of cooking and sports programs were evaluated. According to the findings of this study, necessary reforms should be performed in the quality of programs for health promotion in the society.

Type 2 of Diabetes Mellitus is one of the chronic diseases with sever complications and side effects. In many countries the prevalence of this disease is high and its trend is upward, therefore it accounts as a major public health problem. The management of diabetes encompasses primary, secondary and tertiary care assuming a key role for patients on the control of the disease. Life style change particularly changes in the food habits of patients is important in the management of this disease. Based on RDA standard, the calorie intake of these patients must be more from carbohydrate resources than lipid and protein ones In a cross-sectional study 100 patients from the different parts of rural areas in Sari city were chosen using one stage calcified- clustered sampling method. A questionnaire of 24-hour dietary intake recall was used to collect the data related to the diet behaviour of patients in terms of the source of energy and micronutrients. The mean age of patients was 52.86 years. The majority of patients were female. The average years of respondents living with this disease was 6.87. The average BMI of patients was 27.56, thus they had excess weight. The main source of energy intake of patients was from lipids (46%) twice as much as the recommended level by RDA standard. Based on the existing evidence the current situation of diabetes management in the studied population is not optimal and appropriate decision must be taken for the change in the life style and behaviour of patients.

Sport and physical exercise are very important factors in people’s health promotion. So, studying about elderly men exercise is very necessary and important. Purpose of this study is to determine the effects of physical activity on the physical and mental health of elderly men in Ardabil. This study is an Ex-post Facto research done in 2010. In this study, 100 eligible elderly above 60 from Ardabil Retirement Organization volunteered for this study and were divided into two active and inactive groups based on subjects’ physical activity. Data collection tools were demographic information questionnaire and Ware’s Physical and Mental Questionnaire including multiple choice questions which measured the level of elderly mental and physical health to a meaningful level less than p<0/01. To analyze the data Pearson Correlation Coefficient and T- Test were used. The results show physical health of active participants is significantly better than inactive groups (active: M= 47.32, inactive M=26.72) and the mental health of active participants is significantly better than inactive groups (active: M=47.05, inactive M=31.05). Also the mental and physical health of beginner participants is significantly better than inactive (M=41.48; M=42.88). The correlation of mental and physical health with physical activity is significant (P<0/01). regarding the results taking part in regular physical activity program could increase the range of mental and physical health in elderly. The researchers suggest health authorities to provide programs and facilities for promotion of elderly physical activity.

Clinical education is an indispensible part of the nursing education. Clinical nurses play an important role in this teaching learning process. The quality and quantity of student–nurse interactions in the clinical area can either facilitate or hamper student's learning.The rationale of this research was to probe into staff nurse's attitudes toward nursing students within the context of clinical education in Iran. The nursing literature seems wanting in issues related to staff nurse's attitudes toward nursing students. Thus, we draw on Peplau's interpersonal relations in nursing to address staff–student relationship. That is, the nursing student was taken as the client A descriptive cross-sectional design was selected for this study. The entire staff nurses of Medical and Surgical units (n = 82) employed at Dr Fatemi and Imam Khomeini hospitals of Ardabil medical sciences university were selected. Stagg's questionnaire and a demographic tool were used to gather data. Attitudes were measured using a five-point Likert scale. Attitudes of staff nurses were inspected using cross tabulations and frequencies. The results demonstrated that attitude scores toward nursing students were low and moderate. Some nurses (45.71%) believed that working with students is pleasant and most (98.57%) have thought that staff should have a good relationship with nursing students. Furthermore, staff nurses pointed out that the there is a need to overhaul the educational system of nursing students (94.3%), that nursing students do not acquire the sufficient clinical skill (67.14%), and that the students are not prepared enough for the clinical task (51.43%). According to the results of the staff's feelings on the relationship between nurse and student, it seems that nurses should cultivate an atmosphere which ends to empathy, assurance and sincerity of nursing students.

Clinical skills center provides an opportunity for students to increase their clinical skills and communication in a calm and controlled environment using a variety of teaching aids and models. The purpose of this study is to survey the midwifery students’ opinion about the benefits of this center in Ardabil. This study is a descriptive cross-sectional study on the midwifery students (n=39) of Nursing – Midwifery Faculty in Ardabil, who have had the experience of clinical education at Clinical Skill Center Data was collected by a questionnaire including demographic information and 14 questions about the characteristics and advantages of the two sections of the Clinical Skills Center, which were graded (from 5 to 1) based on the Likert scale, Results were analyzed using spss statistical software and statistical tests. Results showed that students of midwifery entering in 1385 (66.7 %) totally agreed and 6 students of midwifery entering 1386 (46.9%) agreed with the benefits of clinical skills center. The mean score for 1385 students, (88 ± 25) and 1386 students (82 ± 38) was not meaningful. All of these students’ idea about the fact that practicing in Clinical Skill Centerincreases the ability of communication (0 / 04) and that training in Clinical Skill Centerboosts practical training of professional ethics was meaningful (P<0.01). But in the rest of the questions there was no meaningful difference in the two midwifery groups The results showed that the use of Clinical Skill Centerin clinical education and clinical skills is helpful for improving the midwifery students’ (and even other clinical fields) skills. In other words; midwifery students should train in this center before entering the actual clinical environment. To achieve this goal, proper planning by those involved in clinical education will be important.

Each year over one Million Women experience attacks of PID and more than 100,000 women are diagnosed with infertility. Many of the Ectopic pregnancies occur as a result of this infection.Exact statistics of the patients are not available, and this study has been done to determine the incidence of some symptoms and complications of pelvic infections. This is a cross–sectional study and the women refereeing to Ardebil hospitals make the sample society. 140 women were the samples of the study considering the criteria including women who were not hospitalized due to pregnancy, abortion, hypertension, diabetes and other chronic diseases and surgery. Sampling was done through referring to the Women`s sections and interviewing, examination, registration, data extraction from patient records and a two-part questionnaire including demographic information and information on the symptoms of the disease. Data were analyzed by SPSS Software and descriptive statistical tests. the participants complained about the followings: 17/2% abnormal discharge, 10% dysuria, 19/5% back pain,13% of abdominal tenderness, 15/1% of Cervix tenderness, 13/6% adnexa tenderness in by manual, 13/6% Dyspareunia, 19/5% back pain and abdomen. 23% of women had all the clinical criteria of pelvic inflammatory disease and chi-squar tests analysis showed significant relationship between age, duration of marriage, contraception, abnormal vaginal discharge, abdominal pain, back pain, Dysuria, Dyspareunia (P<0/05). According to the results, Midwives can take a major step in improving women's health with recognizing signs and symptoms of this disease and it complications.

Studies Show that invasive interventions are one of effective factors in nosocomial infection prevalence. Meanwhile, respiratory infection is a serious hospital acquired infection with reported incidence of 31.1 and 32.6. Due to the fact that nurses are in direct contact with patients and these interventions have been applied in functional areas, they have an important role in developing these infections. The aim of this investigation is to study the quality of care taken from artificial air ways in patients with mechanical ventilation in ICU health care centers in Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. This cross – sectional study was conducted using a checklist for assessing personnel performance during the care for artificial air ways.The research instrument was a questionnaire with a checklistincluding seven demographic questions and19 cases to assess the implication in relation tocare of the endotracheal tube. The response was measured by Likert Scale. Sample was chosen by random sampling and all of the 54 ICU nurses were the subjects. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics through spss soft ware The findings indicate that 87% of personnel were female and 13% were male and were between 26-30 years of age. 51.9% had the experience of working in ICU and 53.7 % was either working in ICU or had the working experience of 5 years and less in ICU. 88.9% of personnel had a good performance and 11.1% had an average performance (men 89/2 SD = 0/317). Based on the findingsnurses’ performance in the care of the endotracheal tube and correct suction in the intensive care unitwas sufficient. However, due to lack of some nursing care, the need for more monitoring in nurses’ performance seems necessary.

AIDS is one of the most destructive problems in today’s societies which unfortunately is vastly increasing. Patients and victims of this disease suffer from serious psychosomatic problems, but the socio-cultural problems resulting from the nature of the illness in the family and society annoy the patients more than anything else. These patients need serious attention and in order to reduce problems of this vulnerable group, certain ethical principles in nursing care should be considered, and their educational needs should be met. This study introduces the ethical and educational principles that should be followed during the care for AIDS patients.

During a review of educational and ethical issues in AIDS-related articles with specified keywords from 2000 till now in authoritative sources such as Pubmed, Ebsco, Elsevier, Ovid, Iranmedex, SID and Magiran and after primary screening, the related articles were selected and data were analyzed.

Based on the results of studies, the educational and ethical aspects of AIDS patients care are as follow: Formulating a plan to join them for supportive services in the community, Counseling about safe sex, consulting them on choosing spouse, marriage and childbearing, assessment of perceptions and feelings of patients towards the treatment, Providing information, education and communication, Training on life skills, Learning how to manage stress and depression.

Especially for patients with AIDS, the individual respect is much more important than the value of life, and obviously providing the education-ethical principles outlined in the care of these patients will reduce the complications, psycho-physical and socio-cultural problems and increase the quality of patient care. It will also improve the quality of patients’ life.