نشریه دانشگاه علوم پزشکی خراسان شمالی
سال دهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1397)

Immunotherapy involves the gradual administration of increasing allergens to patients, aimed at reducing or eliminating the adverse clinical response of the patient to subsequent contact with these allergens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of immunotherapy on the clinical symptoms of asthmatic patients and allergic rhinitis referred to the Allergy Clinic of Sheikh Hospital in Mashhad during 2013 to 2016. This before/after clinical trial was performed on 40 patients aged 7-50 years with mild to moderate asthma and moderate to severe allergic rhinitis. All patients had immunotherapy with allergens of pollen, weeds, and grass, based on the response of skin prick test. The effect of immunotherapy after a minimum of six months of therapy was studied. Among 40 patients with a mean age of 16.8 years, 48.1% were female and 51.9% were male. Sixty percent of patients had allergic rhinitis and 40% were asthmatics. Immunotherapy in 52.38% of patients improved daily performance and resolved sleep problems in 61.9%. Sixty-two percent of patients noted that after immunotherapy their disease was controlled easily with the drug, which was statistically significant. According to the results of this study, standard immunotherapy with inhalational allergens could be effective in reducing the clinical symptoms of patients with moderate to severe allergic rhinitis and mild to moderate persistent allergic asthma.

Previous studies investigating the role of emotion in working memory suggest that emotion plays an important role in working memory. The present research aimed at investigating the effectiveness of process emotion regulation training in visual-spatial and verbal working memory. Therefore, 26 students of Kharazmi University (16 females and 10 males) were selected through volunteer sampling and underwent the of Process Emotion regulation strategies training. All individuals were evaluated during three stages of training (prior, meanwhile and subsequent to the training) using the Working Memory Index. Variance analysis with repeated measurement and Bonferroni post-hoc test were used in for analyzing the results. The results indicated that Process Emotion regulation training increases the visual-spatial and verbal working memory capacities. With regards to the results of the present research, it could be concluded that emotion regulation might lead to information preservation and boost the verbal and visual-spatial capacity of working memory by the means of decreasing the impact of emotions influencing the deficit in working memory function.

This study examined the effectiveness of therapy based on commitment and acceptance on the abilities of families with children suffering from Duchene muscular dystrophy. In this quasi-experimental study, experimental and control groups were used. The sample included 40 couples referred to counseling centers and specialty hospitals in Tehran were selected by convenience sampling method. For experimental group carried out treatment based on acceptance and commitment and the control group received no treatment. Family Empowerment Scale (FES) was used to. The results showed that by controlling the effects of pre-test and measuring post-test scores, there was a significant change (P value <0/05) in the subscales and the overall variability of family empowerment which indicates the effectiveness of ACT therapy on the empowerment of families with children with muscular dystrophy. With using a treatment based on acceptance and commitment we can improve the abilities of families with children suffering from specific diseases and in other diseases, it was also used to improve the family's condition.

One of the most important factors affecting the quality of service to older adults is the attitude of health care providers. Given that studies show that people's attitudes may be influenced by gender, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between gender and attitudes toward the elderly of medical sciences students in Tehran City. This cross-sectional study was performed on a sample of 304 medical sciences students in Tehran city who were selected by a multi-stage random sampling technique in 2017. The Cogan Questionnaire (KAOP) was used to measure students' attitude toward older people. The statistical software SPSS version 23 was used to analyze data. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, and frequency; and inferential statistics such as Independent t-test and ANOVA were used. Out of 304 respondents, 36.5% were female and mean age of the respondents was 21.73 (SD = 3.37). The mean of attitude toward older people was found to be 127.47(SD = 13.21). The results of independent t-test showed that there was a significant difference between male and female students of health (t(71) = 3.24, P = 0.02) and nursing (t (98) = -2.07, P = 0.041). Another independent T test showed a significant difference between female and male students of medicine (t(129) = 1.39, P = 0.137) There is no elderly The findings from the current study showing different pattern of attitude toward older adults among medical sciences student, may have suggestions for educational intuitions and health providers.

The rise of computer use in office workplace has increased the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among computer users. The MSDs cause to reduce productivity, increasing the intention to leave and costs. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and evaluate the effective risk factors using ROSA and RULA methods. This cross sectional study was conduct on Shahroud University of Medical Sciences' office workers (n = 153) who work more than 2 hours per day with computer. The employers according to inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled in this study. The data collection were used by Nordic standardized questionnaire, RULA and ROSA methods and analyzed by independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Chi-square and multivariate logistic regression. In both of RULA and ROSA, the highest risk level was in level 2, 1 and 3 respectively. The highest prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders from the Nordic questionnaire was for the lower back (52.6%). According to independent t-test was found a significant correlation between the scores of different parts of RULA and ROSA with the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in some areas of the body. The correlation coefficient (Pearson) between the final scores of RULA and ROSA methods was 0. 764. The results of the logistic regression model showed that the lower back had a significant relationship with gender, work history, BMI & final score of RULA and ROSA. Based on the results of both RULA and ROSA methods, it is necessary to further assessment required as soon as possible. The prevalence of low back pain is higher than other parts of the body. As for the relationship between the low back pain prevalence and the ROSA score in the chair and monitor, it is necessary to focus on improving these equipment, also these methods can be used as predictors of the MSDs Incidence Probability.

There are few reports on infertility associated with seminal vesicle agenesis. We report a case of seminal vesicle agenesis with low volume of semen and infertility. The laboratory tests, physical examination, and trans-rectal ultrasound were checked. Based on the findings and outcomes, the patient was referred for biopsy.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness in emotional regulation in addicted women prisoners. The present research is an experimental method that has been used the pretest posttest control group. The research community consisted of all women addicted prisoners who were detained in the women's prison in northern Khorasan province in 2016-2017. In this study, 63 prisoner women who had a history of drug abuse were considered as a sample, so that 29 subjects in the intervention group and 34 in the control group were examined. The Difficulties Level (DERS) is a self-report indicator that is used to assess the emotional adjustment difficulty with 36 phrases and 6 subscales. The results showed that MBCT therapy significantly reduced all aspects of emotional adjustment difficulty.

Fresh vegetables are a crucial part of a healthy diet. Raw eating vegetables as a nutritional habit in Iranian families is the main way for transmission of intestinal parasitic organisms. Up to our knowledge, no previous surveys have been conducted to detect the presence of parasitic contamination in vegetables in Bojnurd. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate parasitic contamination in fresh unwashed herbs sold in Bojnurd, Iran. In this study, all samples collected from markets of Bojnurd during 2017. The detergent solution was added and the mixture was shaken. The herbs were removed and washed solution was filtered. All samples were microscopically examined according to standardized parasitological techniques for detection of protozoan cyst, oocytes, helminth eggs as well as larva. No parasites were observed in standard unwashed samples. As we know, the consumption of raw vegetables without proper washing plays a major epidemiological role in the transmission of parasitic diseases. It is necessary that health and environmental authorities trained the consumers on the standard washing of vegetables before consumption. In regard to results of other studies proper treatment of wastewater used for irrigation of vegetables should be implemented.

Recent studies indicate that the released caused by traffic jams to increase mortality and hospitalization of patients as a result of cardiovascular disease This study tries to investigate the density of PM2.5 dust particles to which taxi drivers are exposed in Bojnord. In this study, the density of PM2.5 dust particles was measured for 677 taxi drivers in 12 main routes of Bojnord in 10 months using a sampling and direct decomposing instrument namely, Micro Dust Pro, to getter with a calibrated personal pump with debit 3.5 lit/min. The results of this study showed that the mean of exposure of drivers with PM2.5, is 108.08 ± 229.64 μgm-3. The minimum exposure for all drivers is 62.37± 79.95 μgm-3 and the highest exposure is 151.06± 96.396 μgm-3.Environmental factors also affected the driver exposure level, with the highest exposure at wind speeds (12ms-1, 134 ± 311.9 μgm-3), wind direction 90-180 (144.8 ± 205 μgm-3) In relative humidity, 81-100% (119 ± 250.9 μgm-3), in cloudy weather (151.7 ± 297.1 μgm-3), and kind of route (on the Shahid street to the airport) (151 ± 370 μgm-3). The results of this study showed that the mean of exposure of drivers with PM2.5, is 108.08 ± 229.64 μgm-3. The minimum exposure for all drivers is 62.37± 79.95 μgm-3 and the highest exposure is 151.06± 96.396 μgm-3.Environmental factors also affected the driver exposure level, with the highest exposure at wind speeds (12ms-1, 134 ± 311.9 μgm-3), wind direction 90-180 (144.8 ± 205 μgm-3) In relative humidity, 81-100% (119 ± 250.9 μgm-3), in cloudy weather (151.7 ± 297.1 μgm-3), and kind of route (on the Shahid street to the airport) (151 ± 370 μgm-3). Keywords: Respirable Particles, PM2.5, Individual Exposure, Taxi Driver

The health of each person in the family is due to the quality of life and the proper functioning of the family, also, the family can solve many psychosocial problems of people. The present study tried to investigate the role of family function on quality of life and mental health among pregnant women referred to Health Centers of Babol City in the Year 2016-2017. The research was correlational and 331 persons were selected as a sample from 2354 pregnant women in Babol according to Cochran formula. The sampling was done by Stratified sampling method. Data were collected by standard questionnaires such as general health questionnaire of Goldberg and Hillier, Quality of life questionnaire Short form 36 questions, McMaster Family Performance Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson and multi-variation regression correlation test by SPSS 21. Results showed that the relationship between family functioning with quality of life and mental health among pregnant women was significant at the reliability of%99 and was strong. Also, the result of Pearson correlational test showed there was significant relationship between quality of life and mental health among pregnant women at reliability of%95. The result of regression analysis showed that value of the coefficient of determination or R2, which is equal to 0.62. Indicator shows the 0.62 percentage of changes in mental health among pregnant women by family function and quality of life. The results of this study showed that positive family performance with improving quality of life predicts the mental health of pregnant women.

Quantitative metabolite profiling in biological samples has the potential to reflect physiological status and to identify disease associated disorders in metabolic pathways. This approach is hindered by a wide range of pre-analytical variables. Pre-analytical variables account for 32-75% of laboratory errors, which includes the time from when the test is ordered by the physician until the sample is ready for analysis. The aims of this study was to evaluate the pre-analytical errors in diagnostic methods of inherited metabolic disorders. In this study, 35 articles with the key words Pre-analytical Errors, Metabolic disorders, Samples, Mass Spectrometry, and Gas Chromatography were searched in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases from the year 1987 to 2018. There are some less controllable sources of pre-analytical errors that can strongly influence the reliability of test results in inborn errors of metabolism. These primarily include specimen collection, handling samples and physiological variables such as the effect of lifestyle, diet, stress, age, gender, positional effects, and endogenous variables such as drugs and circulating antibodies. As pre-analytical sources of variation can produce unpredictable and unfavorable impacts on the wellbeing of patients, a reduction in laboratory testing errors play a significant role in assessing and quality improvements. In this respect, good quality specimens, resulting from proper training and knowledge about effective factors on laboratory results, are essential for minimizing errors and optimizing resource utilization and whole patient management process to assure accurate diagnosis.

One of the most common conditions for challenging the human physiological system is exercise. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic, anaerobic and resistance training on some agents of endocannabinoid system, serotonin, beta-endorphin and BDNF in young men. Thirty-two young men (19-25 aged) who did not have regular physical activity were randomly divided into four groups of eight and completed different sports exercises for eight weeks. A group for aerobic exercises (practice running with 65-70% maximum heart rate, 3 sessions a week), an anaerobic exercise group (practice running with maximum heart rate, 3 sessions per week), a group for circular resistance exercises (6-8 stations that were repeated 8-12 times, 3 sessions per week) and finally a group was selected as a control. ELISA method was used to measure endocannabinoid, serotonin, beta-endorphin and BDNF system factors. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and ANCOVA and dependent t-test at a significant level of 0.05. The data showed that eight weeks of aerobic training resulted a significant increase in serotonin (P = 0.008) compared to the control group and resistance training (P = 0.03). Eight weeks aerobic training (P = 0.005) and anaerobic exercise (P = 0.01) resulted in a significant increase in BDNF. Aerobic, anaerobic and resistive exercises had no significant effect on arachidonyl glycerol (P = 0.19) and beta-endorphin (P = 0.45). Eight weeks resistance training resulted a significant reduction of anandamide compared to control group (P = 0.05). The happiness level in all three training groups was significantly higher than the control group (P = 0.04). The results show an increase in mediators associated with happiness, it is difficult to conclude definitely about especial effect of long-term exercise on endocannabinoids system. Aerobic exercise seems to have increased happiness in the subjects than other exercises.

Candy and lean products, although not considered as a complete food, are among high-quality foodstuffs by children, and sometimes by pregnant women. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of lead in candy colors supplied in the city of Bojnourd in 2016. This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in Bojnourd in 2016. In this study, 90 colorful candy samples (saffron, kakauei, orangese, sherry) from different regions of Bojnourd were sampled. After preparing the samples, they were sent to Food Control Laboratory of Bojnourd University of Medical Sciences. After preparing the samples, the concentration of lead was measured with atomic absorption spectrometry 220 Spectra AA equipped with graphite furnace model 110 (Varian). Then, descriptive information is reported. According to the results, mean concentration of lead ibbits was 0.181 μg/g. Tartrazine had the highest mean concentration of lead (0.24 μg/g) and natural color with the lowest mean lead concentration (0.15 μg). The results of this study showed that lead in all tested samples is less than the FDA standard, but there is no national standard for lead thinning in ibn. Considering the potential effects of lead heavy metal on human health, steps should be taken to develop national standards and to continuously monitor and control health care.

Defensive styles have a very important role in the study of personality and social exchanges. Awareness of emotions and memories related to anger is also very influential in this regard. Therefore, identification and communication of thoughts and feelings for long-term psychological adjustment is very important. The purpose of this study was to predict the type of Ego defensive styles with Alexithymia and anger rumination between male and female. For this purpose, a sample of 348 students (153 girls, 195 boys) as the quotas sampling were selected among students. For data gathering, Andrews's Defense Styles Questionnaire, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, and Sakhodlolsky Anger rumination scale were used. The statistical methods used in this study are multivariate regression and Mann-Whitney test. Suggests that: in immature Defense style, predictive variables of Alexithymia and gender are predicted to be 40% percent of variance. In the neurotic defensive style, all three variables (gender and Alexithymia and anger rumination) predict 0.14 percent of variance. Also, according to Mann Whitney's test, the mean Alexithymia was higher in men than in women (P < 0.01). There was not a significant difference between male and female anger rumination variables (P > 0.5). Alexithymia and anger rumination are effective in the use of immature and neurotic defensive styles. Also, the lack of emotional awareness and alexithymia in men is more than women, which can be the cause of many psychological and physical disorders. Therefore, the training required for men in this regard is emphasized. Alexithymia and lack of awareness of feelings and difficulty in expressing them among men are more than women, and it is advisable to minimize the number of different training courses for men. It will, therefore, create communication issues in the workplace and in personal life.

Organizational culture is one of the important categories in organizational behavior management, and many ideologists consider organizational culture as the basis for the formation of empowerment. The purpose of the current study was to provide a conceptual model for explaining the dimensions of organizational culture and its relationship with psychological empowerment of staff of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. The present study is descriptive (correlation), and in terms of the purpose, it is practical with the mixed method. At the beginning, the components were identified using the Delphi method and the model was designed. Then, the relationship between variables was investigated using a developed questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed. Considering the size of the population surveyed, which included all staff members of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (N = 1751), and variance in a sample of 178 samples were investigated. In the current study, data was analyzed using AMOS24.0 statistical software. Based on the model's validation indices, it can be concluded that this proposed model is highly valued. Also, according to the results of the research, the score of organizational culture and psychological empowerment is not in the desired level, but there is a positive and significant relationship between organizational culture and psychological empowerment (r = 0.531, P = 0.001). As stated above, psychological empowerment in the society under study is low. Therefore, considering the impact of this subject on organizational culture, organizational culture must first be promoted in the university. In addition, it is possible to develop the psychological empowerment among employees by supporting organizational creativity and innovation.