فهرست مطالب

Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
Volume:9 Issue: 4, Jul-Aug 2018

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1397/05/31
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • Behnaz Akbarian, Abbas Erfanian * Pages 227-240
    Introduction
    In this paper, nonlinear dynamical analysis based on Recurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA) is employed to characterize the nonlinear EEG dynamics. RQA can provide useful quantitative information on the regular, chaotic, or stochastic property of the underlying dynamics.
    Methods
    We use the RQA-based measures as the quantitative features of the nonlinear EEG dynamics. Mutual Information (MI) was used to find the most relevant feature subset out of RQA-based features. The selected features were fed into an artificial neural network for grouping of EEG recordings to detect ictal, interictal, and healthy states. The performance of the proposed procedure was evaluated using a database for different classification cases.
    Results
    The combination of five selected features based on MI achieved 100% accuracy, which demonstrates the superiority of the proposed method.
    Conclusion
    The results showed that the nonlinear dynamical analysis based on Rcurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA) can be employed as a suitable approach for characterizing the nonlinear EEG dynamics and detecting the seizure
    Keywords: Epilepsy, Mutual information, Nonlinear analysis, Recurrence quantification analysis, Seizure detection
  • Soheyla Khalaji, Imanollah Bigdeli, Raheb Ghorbani, Hossein Miladi, Gorji * Pages 241-250
    Introduction
    This study investigated the effect of the environmental enrichment during adolescence on morphine-induced Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) and locomotor sensitization in maternally separated male and female rat pups.
    Methods
    Male Wistar rats were allowed to mate with female virgin Wistar rats. Pups were separated from them 3 hours per day during 2–14 days postnatal. All pups were weaned at 21 Postnatal Day (PND) and reared in standard environment or enriched environment from 21 to 50 PND with litter-mates of the same sex. The CPP and behavioral sensitization to morphine were assessed by an unbiased place conditioning paradigm and open filed method.
    Results
    The results showed that the maternal separation enhanced morphine-induced CPP in both sexes, locomotor sensitization in male pups and tolerance to morphine-induced motor activity in female pups during adolescence. While, male and female pups reared in an EE exhibited a decrease in morphine-induced CPP, locomotor sensitization and tolerance induced by maternal separation compared to their control pups.
    Conclusion
    Access to enriched environment during adolescence may have a protective effect against morphine-induced reward, locomotor sensitization and tolerance in adolescent male and female rats following maternal separation
    Keywords: Maternal separation, Enriched environment, Conditioned place preference, Morphine, Behavioral sensitization
  • Amin Hasanvand *, Fariba Ahmadizar, Abolfazl Abbaszadeh, Hossein Amini, Khoei, Mehdi Goudarzi, Amir Abbasnezhad, Razieh Choghakhori Pages 251-260
     
    Introduction
    According to studies, statins possess analgesics and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, we examined the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of rosuvastatin in an experimental model of Chronic Constriction Injury (CCI).
    Methods
    Our study was conducted on four groups; sham, CCI (the control group), CCI+rosuvastatin (i.p. 5 mg/kg), and CCI+rosuvastatin (i.p. 10 mg/kg). We performed heat hyperalgesia, cold and mechanical allodynia tests on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st after inducing CCI. Blood samples were collected to measure the serum levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α, and Interleukin (IL)-6. Rats’ spinal cords were also examined to measure tissue concentration of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) enzymes.
    Results
    Our findings showed that CCI resulted in significant increase in heat hyperalgesia, cold and mechanical allodynia on the 7th, 14th and 21st day. Rosuvastatin use attenuated the CCI-induced hyperalgesia and allodynia. Rosuvastatin use also resulted in reduction of TNF-α, IL-6, and MDA levels. However, rosuvastatin therapy increased the concentration of SOD and GPx in the CCI+Ros (5 mg/kg) and the CCI+Ros (10 mg/kg) groups compared to the CCI group.
    Conclusion
    Rosuvastatin attenuated the CCI-induced neuropathic pain and inflammation. Thus, antinociceptive effects of rosuvastatin might be channeled through inhibition of inflammatory biomarkers and antioxidant properties
    Keywords: Rosuvastatin, Neuralgia, Chronic Constriction Injury (CCI), Rats
  • Asghar Arfaie, Salman Safikhanlou, Abbas Bakhshipour Roodsari, Alireza Farnam, Ali Reza Shafiee, Kandjani * Pages 261-268
    Introduction
    Psychiatric disorders could be evaluated in terms of behavioral activation and inhibition systems. Dysregulation of these systems may lead to development of manic or depressive episodes in patients with mood disorders. This study aimed to identify Behavioral Approach System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) hypersensitivity as the functional brain system behaviors in patients with major depressive disorder and bipolar mood disorder I, compared to healthy individuals.
    Methods
    This case-control study was conducted in Razi Psychiatric Hospital, a mental health referral center in Northwest of Iran. The study consisted of two groups of patients, one with major depressive and the other with bipolar mood disorders and one healthy group. Each group had 40 patients (20 men and 20 women). The study data were collected through BIS and BAS questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS version 18.
    Results
    The findings showed a significant negative correlation between BIS, BAS and BAS subscales with the severity of depression and positive correlation with mania symptoms (P<0.05).
    Conclusion
    BAS and BIS dysregulations may predispose people to mood disorder symptoms. BAS is hyperactive during manic phase and may predict the symptom severity of bipolar mood disorder
    Keywords: Bipolar mood disorder, Behavioral brain system, Major depression, Behavioral Approach System (BAS), Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)
  • Masoud Shareghi Brojeni, Morteza Salimi, Zahra Mirmohammadsadeghi, Abbas Haghparast, Afsaneh Eliassi * Pages 269-274
    Introduction
    Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and diethyl ether are used as light anesthetics. However, experimental data about their side effects are scarce. In addition, in all our previous works on regulatory mechanisms of hypothalamus during food intake, including the effect of Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN) D1 and D2 dopamine receptors and glucosensitive neurons, the drug injections were performed under brief diethyl ether anesthesia. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis which postulates that CO2 and diethyl ether as light anesthetic agents affect the stimulatory effect of PVN dopamine receptors and glucosensitive neurons in feeding behavior.
    Methods
    Male Wistar rats were implanted with guide cannula directed to their PVN. Glucose (0.8 µg), SKF38393 (D1 agonist, 0.5 µg), quinpirole (D2 agonist, 0.3 µg) and saline (0.3 µL) were microinjected into the PVN and food intake was measured over 1 hour.
    Results
    Our results showed that CO2 but not diethyl ether decreased food intake compared to intact animals. The PVN injections of glucose, SKF38393, and quinpirole increased food intake under brief diethyl ether anesthesia. In contrast, the PVN microinjected glucose-induced and dopamine receptor agonists-induced food intake were inhibited under light CO2 anesthesia.
    Conclusion
    Our results suggest that brief exposure to CO2 and diethyl ether as light anesthetic agents may affect PVN glucosensing neurons-induced and dopamine receptors-induced food intake in fasted rats
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide, Diethyl ether, Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN), Food intake, Dopamine receptors, Glucosensing neurons
  • Mehdi Borjkhani, Fariba Bahrami *, Mahyar Janahmadi Pages 275-288
    Introduction
    Opioids hijack learning and memory formation mechanisms of brain and induce a pathological memory in the hippocampus. This effect is mainly mediated by modifications in glutamatergic system. Speaking more precisely, Opioids presence in a synapse inhibits blockage of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) by Mg2+ , enhances conductance of NMDAR and thus, induces false Long-Term Potentiation (LTP).
    Methods
    Based on experimental observations of different researchers, we developed a mathematical model for a pyramidal neuron of the hippocampus to study this false LTP. The model contains a spine of the pyramidal neuron with NMDAR, α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-Methyl-4-isoxazole Propionic Acid Receptors (AMPARs), and Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels (VGCCs). The model also describes Calmodulin-dependent protein Kinase II (CaMKII) and AMPAR phosphorylation processes which are assumed to be the indicators of LTP induction in the synapse.
    Results
    Simulation results indicate that the effect of inhibition of blockage of NMDARs by Mg2+ on the false LTP is not as crucial as the effect of NMDAR’s conductance modification by opioids. We also observed that activation of VGCCs has a dominant role in inducing pathological LTP.
    Conclusion
    Our results confirm that preventing this pathological LTP is possible by three different mechanisms: 1. By decreasing NMDAR’s conductance; and 2. By attenuating VGCC’s mediated current; and 3. By enhancing glutamate clearance rate from the synapse
    Keywords: Opioids, Memory of addiction, Synaptic plasticity, Long-Term
  • Soghra Mehri, Seyed Saber Sajjadi, Seyed Meghdad Tabatabai, Hossein Hosseinzadeh * Pages 289-296
    Introduction
    β-Lactam antibiotics like Clavulanic Acid (CA) enhances cellular glutamate uptake through activation of Glutamate Transporter subtype 1 (GLT-1) and decreases the level of glutamate in the nervous system. Based on studies, blocking the glutamate activity inhibits morphine-induced Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) in animals. Therefore, the effects of CA on the acquisition of morphine craving were evaluated using the CPP model in the current study.
    Methods
    CA (1, 50 and 150 mg/kg, ip) was co-administered with morphine (40 mg/kg) for 4 days in the conditioning phase. On day 8, the effects of CA on morphine preference was assessed. In another experiment, the effect of CA on reinstatement of morphine preference by a single morphine injection (10 mg/kg) was evaluated after an extinction period.
    Results
    In the first method, the morphine-induced place preference was markedly reduced following administration of CA (50 and 150 mg/kg). In the second experiment, a single administration of CA (50 and 150 mg/kg) markedly inhibited the reinstatement of morphine preference on day 16. The results indicated that CA (50, 150 mg/kg) can block both morphine-induced CPP and the reinstatement of place preference following priming dose of morphine. Also memantine (as a positive control) (10 mg/kg) significantly inhibited both acquisition and reinstatement of morphine CPP.
    Conclusion
    Considering the important role of glutamate neurotransmission in morphine dependence, the effects of CA may be partly due to decrease in glutamate level in synaptic space and blockade of N-Methyl-D-aspartate Acid (NMDA) receptors. Although, we need further studies to determine exact cellular mechanism
    Keywords: Clavulanic Acid, Morphine, Glutamic acid, Memantine
  • Mohammad Reza Saebipour, Marzieh Zare *, Kazem Ghaemi, Mohammad Taghi Joghataie Pages 297-305
    In this article, we will discuss scientific aspects of an old Persian story, Simorgh, in the book of The Conference of the Birds. The story is fulfilled with artistic and philosophical metaphors that make sense in two hot topics of the contemporary modern sciences i.e. cognitive science and complexity science. The poet addresses some humanity’s bygone concerns and fundamental questions about self, the quality that shapes a person’s uniqueness, and essential existence. The sophisticated language used in the poem contains allusions, symbols, and implications that are interpreted in five main topics. We think that the story deserves to be the touchstone for questions on the nature of the mind, including the profound question of humanity’s search for self and meaning of life
    Keywords: Conference of birds, Art, Science, Brain, Mind