فصلنامه گیاه و زیست فناوری ایران
سال پنجم شماره 2 (تابستان 1389)

Diazinon [O، O-Diethyl O- (2-isopropyl 1-6-methyl-4 Pryimidinyl) Phosphorothioate] is an organophosphorus pesticide (OPP) that is extensively used as pesticide in agriculture and some Aegilops species are considered as the progenitors for polyploidy Triticum L. species and cause the evolution of Triticum genus. Also two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2- DE) is a powerful and widely used method for the analysis of complex protein mixtures extracted biological samples. These reasons caused effects of diazinon on Aegilops columnaris Zhuk proteome is studied using 2-DE. Five treatment pots were prepared: 1 (0 diazinon، control)، 2 (0. 01 diazinon، 1 time exposure)، 3 (0. 01 diazinon، 2 times exposure)، 4 (0. 001 diazinon، 1 time exposure) and 5 (0. 001 diazinon، 2 times exposure). Ten Aegilops columnaris seeds were treated in each pot. Each treatment had 10 repetitions. After 2 weeks under equal condition in growth chamber all of samples except control were exposure with diazinon and after 3 weeks treatments 3 and 5 treatment received diazinon. After 24 h all of control and treated plants were prepared for isolating proteins using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) method. Results showed changes of total protein pattern in all treated dizinon plants in compared to control that changes depend on diazinon concentration and exposure times.

One of the problems in prepheral nervous system defeats is the return of these defeats to cellular body of those neurons which their axons are destroyed. The aim of this study is carried out to examine the neuroprotective effects of alcoholic extract of Cannabis sativa. In this study forty eight adult male wistar rats were divided to eight groups (control، compression، six experimental groups). In compression and experimental groups right sciatic nerve were highly compressed for 30 s، assigned to experimental groups (Compression + alcoholic extract of Cannabis sativa injections 25، 50،75،100mgkg -1، ip، 2 and 4 time) (N=6). After 4 weeks post-operative the lumbar segments of spinal cord after perfusion method were sampled، tissue processed، sectioned serially and stained with toluidine blue. By using stereological quantitative technique، the number of alpha motoneurons in the right horn of spinal cord were counted and compared with each other. Statistical analyses showed remarkable increase in the number of alpha motoneurons in the groups with dosage (50، 25 mg kg -1) in compared to compression (p<0. 05). Results show that alcoholic extract of Cannabis sativa in low dosegs probably could increase neuronal density moto neuron in anterior horn of spinal cord after sciatic nerve injury in rat.

Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) is one of the world’s major cut flower and garden plants. Biotechnological techniques like genetic engineering combined with tissue culture can provide an alternative method for improvement of quality traits. case our purpose of this research is to study the effect mineral nutrition Dianthus caryophyllus L.. For this reason in a completely random and 5 repetitions، plan Sterile base of Dianthus carophyllus L. were divided into groups treatment and control in the base medium MS placed. The plants were placed under the treatment of ammonium nitrate with concentrations (0، 10، 30، 40) mmol/L and treatment of magnesium sulfate with concentrations (0، 0. 75، 2. 25، 3) mmol/L and the control group that consists (1. 5، 20) magnesium sulfate and ammonium nitrate. Hence، in this research the effects of ammonium nitrate and magnesium sulfate on in plant enzymatic activities were examined. The results obtained from this research showed that in all treatments of these two salts the lowest enzymatic activity belongs to control group. The highest enzymatic activities belongs to enzyme peroxidas and in different treatments the catalaz enzyme shows lowest changes than peroxidas activity and all these changes are significant at level 1%. Totally it can be concluded that، in the concentrations of deficiency or increasing both salts، the plants is placed under stress and it had to increase its enzymatic activity for surviving.

The genus Trifolium is one of the largest forage genus of Fabaceae family. According to Flora Iranica، there are 51 annual or perennial species in Iran which two species are endemic. T. pratense is spread out all parts of the world and T. mazandaranicum is endemic species in Iran. At the first time، morphological studies were carried out in some herbariums. Then، many specimens were collected from natural habitats. For more assurance، micro morphological studies on pollen grains and seeds were done، also chromosome number of some accessions were carried out. Our results confirm existence of common morphological characters and common micro morphology of pollen grains، seeds and chromosome numbers. Considering the existence Of these two species in an identical habitate and only differences in the size of morphological characteristics، Trifolium mazandaranicum is suggested as a variety of T. pratense var. mazandaranicum.

Cinnamomum zeylanicum has many therapeutic effects for example the increasing of sexual ability. In this investigation the effect of cinnamon extract in concentrations 10 and 20 mg/kg B. w. have been worked out in spermatogenesis and pituitary gonad hormonal axis of intraperitoneally. After injection the animals sacrificed. The weight of testis were measured، and any changes inside them including the number of Sertoli cells، spermatogonia، spermatids، and Leydig cells were calculated. Also hormonal changes (LH، FSH and testosterone) were investigated. The results from 10 and 20 mg/kg B. w. concentration of cinnamon extract showed significant increase at P< 0. 05 in all of the parameters which have been increase in this work. It is concluded that cinnamon extract may increase cells kinds into seminiferous tubules in Balb/C mice in male reproductive system.

Soybean is one dictylodon oil plant from Leguminouse family. As The seeds of soybean plant have very high oil، these plants are strategic. After aquisation of oil، the oil cake is used as source of protein in feeding of livestock and human. Zinc as heavy metal plays an important role in many biochemical functions of plants. However، excess amount of zinc is one of the most important growth limiting factors. In the present study effect of various concentration of Zinc on the growth، chlorophyll، carotenoid content and total protein of soybean Var. J. K on 38 day after regetative growth periode were studied. In this study، experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replication was conducted in Ghaemshahr Azad University in 2010- 2011 years. The plants were grown in green house over a period 4 weeks in nutrient solution containing Zinc concentration different between 0-300μ M as sulfate (zn so4). The growth paramenters showed statistically similar overall increase for 200 μ M Zinc compare to control. Cholorophyll a، total chlorophyll and carotene showed no significant difference in 200 μ M zn compare to control. Xeaantophyll، chlorophyll b andprotein increased gradually with increase of Zn concentration for the range 0-200 μ M zinc and showed significant difference between control and 200 μ M zinc but in doses 300 μ M zn these parameters decreased. It was concluded that zinc at low concentration induced the growth of soybean but starts some toxic effects at high accumulation.

In the last few years Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) became probably one of the most studied proteins due to its high stability and a variety of properties which are suitable for electronics، optics and other applications. Speaking about applications، it is preferential to have bR in the form of films، as it is easier to manipulate with such a type of sample. In a design of a device based on bacteriorhodopsin، a matrix in which the active molecule is embedded is usually needed for ease of manufacture and to provide good optical quality، and is also very important for film stability. The influence of different organic and inorganic matrices (polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)، gelatin، and silica) on the optical properties of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) - containing films were studied. The photosynthetic membrane protein of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) was encapsulated in optically transparent silica، PVA and GEL matrix and the absorption spectra bR were studied. Morphological studies of the bR-containing films using AFM. In presence of laser rays، attraction extent is reduced in 586nm and maximum attraction is observed in 410nm. This venture is applied for storage of information. In three kinds of polymeric matrix، there is not observed salient changes in the maximum attraction wave length. The film concerning bacteriorhodopsin in Gel matrix and Gel & PVA matrix has a homogeneous and monotonous structure and the bacteriorhodopsin is distributed in the matrix diligently. The films concerning bacteriorhodopsin in Gel and PVA matrixes has higher transparent in proportion to the other matrixes. polymeric gelatin matrix and polyvinyl alcohol are applicable as suitable as station in nanomemory of protein، due to preservation of radioactivity bacteriorhodopsin، not changing in bacteriorhodopsin maximum attraction wave length، high transparent، homogeneous and monotonous structure، integrated distribution of bacteriorhodopsin and adequate diameter in nanometer quantity.

Ziziphora L. is comprises of four species، Z. tenuior، Z. persica، Z. capitata and nine infra – species in Z. clinopodioides in Iran. Due to the high morphological similarities between some species as Z. persica and Z. tenuior، in this project micro-morphological features of pollen grains and mericarp surface were used to find efficient diagnostic features. Studies were done by use of light microscope and for a better definition between species and exine sculpture patterns; Scanning Microscope (SEM) was used. Most diagnostic characters were apocolpium length، Apocolpium Index (AI)، length of equatorial axis and average diameter of lumens related to bi-reticulate sculpture of pollen grains surface، in studied species separation. Mericarp length and basal condition were of diagnostic importance too. Three studied subspecies of Z. clinopodioides show a close relationship. Results of present study revealed that micro-morphological features of pollen grains and mericarp surface in Ziziphora are of taxonomic value and could be used to define the species relationships and delimitations.