مجله پژوهش های اعتقادی کلامی
پیاپی 23 (پاییز 1395)

This paper pursues to clarify Khatamyyat (The Seal) from Allameh Tabatabaee’s viewpoint based on Al-Mizan Interpretation. This outstanding interpreter has investigated this issue from two different viewpoints: the first, the viewpoint that indicates verses, their interpretation and explanation; the second, the viewpoint of dubiousness that tarnish the verses’ indication. According to Allameh, the first verse of Surah Al-Furqan (Chapter of Criterion), the 19th verse of Surah Al-Ana’m (Chapter of Cattle), the 28th verse of Surah Saba (Chapter of Saba’), the 40th verse of Surah Al-Ahzab (Chapter of the Confederates) and the 42th verse of Surah Fussilat (Chapter of Detailed) explicitly indicate the Khatamyyat, and some who criticize the dubiousness of the mentioned verses or they propound the other verses to breach Khatamyyat (The Seal) are rejected.

One of the blights of religious and religiosity is the issue of exaggeration about the prophets and religious diviners and leaders. This issue has been in previous religions and Allah has interdicted it in Holly Quran. The infallible Imams have fought against it as well. In our time, fighting against this blight is one of the bonds of religious scholars and sages. Narration is one of the ways through which exaggeration infiltrates into religion. The famed following phrase is among the exaggerated narrations from the Holly Prophet Mohammad "upon him and his family be pray and peace" from Allah:Ahmad, if you had not existed, I would not have created the existence. If Ali had not existed, I would not have created you and if Fatimah had not existed, I would not have created you both.
By precise examination, it was revealed that firstly; this narration does not hold a well-ground documentation and source. Secondly, in terms of content and significance, it holds serious flaws as well, since the mentioned phrase contains three parts, The first part (narrated by Shia), (if you had not existed, I would not have created the existence), is validated with accurate verses and narrations and common sense and the Sunni, but the other two parts is contradictive with Holly Quran, the Sunni and the common sense and consequently is not acceptable. Some has endeavored in order to justify it in one way or another. We have examined the justifications as well and it was clarified that the mentioned justifications from these two parts of the narration are unacceptable.

Sheikh Ahmad Ahsaei could be considered as one of the prolific authors who had a special school of thought. Many debates on his beliefs and ideas is still on desk and some are extremist and others deal with him leniency. Sheikh Ahmad's eminent characteristics is his diversity and variety of works. The main objection of his contemporary scholars to him was the contradiction of his thoughts to the Kitāb and Sunna and the religious incontrovertible belief, which returns to his methodology of study. Although Sheikh Ahmad introduced Quran and Hadith as the criteria of evaluation of Islamic belief and even his own ideas, he did not refuse to exert philosophical and mystical phrase and in many cases tried to reconcile the Quranic thoughts with them. In fact, he interpreted the religious facts with the human sciences such as astronomy and philosophical naturalism. He unintentionally was impressed by various human science and explained the Divine beliefs by them, which in turn was condemned by himself. It could be traced the influence of Suhriwardī's Ishrāq philosophy, Mānī beliefs, Ismailite esotericism, and Tasawwuf (Islamic mysticism) in his works. Also, abnormalities and ambiguities of his thoughts, cause in deviation of Bābism.

The important issues in the field of religious studies scholars are concerned, the important topic "The origin of religion" is. In this context the group believes in the divine origin and human origin groups also attach to it. In the meantime, one of the issues that can be evidence of sentence on each of the two views, it is the language problem and its origin. On the basis of these articles addressing contemporary linguist Noam Chomsky comments to the subject of the origin of language, we find that through the proof of the inhumanity of at least one of the parameters of human life in the name of "language" can put an end to the views of those in the natural origin of religion and humane justification for the distinction And thus can be of non-human origin, language, religion escape the inhumanity of his origin and proof of the origin of human negation of religion were allowed.

Avicenna is one of the Muslim philosophers among philosophers who has been given attention to the relationship between the psyche and body. Since he believes that the soul is spirituality created and he believes that the duality of body and psyche is from the beginning of creation. He is obliged to accept a mediator in the issue of the existence of a relationship between body and psyche because the spiritual and immaterial psyche cannot be connected to a dirty body and an element without a mediator. Therefore, the existence of a tender mass which is above the body and low psyche is necessary. Avicenna calls this mediator the steamy soul. The steamy soul arises from the tender part of humours and body steams. Therefore, the steamy soul proportion to the tender part of humours is similar to the proportion of the concentration of humours. As the combination and humours misciblity in every part of body parts develop the temperament which fits that particular organ, steams and tenders which have arisen from quadruple humours are combined and miscibled and develop the temperament which fits the steamy soul. Therefore, thinking, employment and interest of the psyche to the body and any of body parts or body organs will be in this way. From Avicenna’s perspective, the first member which take soul is the heart. heart is the source and mine of , the steamy soul birth. The present paper addresses content analysis method to introduce Avicenna’s perspective about the steamy soul, its origin and reason for its existence, functions and its role in sensory perceptions.

The summary of the article that you will read in these pages entitled: "philosophical views of Abul Ala Al-Marri and Omar Khayyam" contains a comparison between these two great poets of Arab and Persia lands and it's among comparative literature research which has always been of great interest to researchers of Arab and Persia literature world.
Many articles have been written so far on the influence of Abul Ala Al-Marri on Khayyam, because every researcher who studies on the life and works of these two great poets would undoubtedly find a close similarity between them, as in most cases, Khayyam's ghost appears in front of them by studying Abul Ala Al's words. Because these two poets with the same philosophical viewpoints were often unanimous, concordant and agreed. Although, they occasionally fell apart.
Before entering the world of philosophy of these two poets, what should be considered in this comparison are the political, social, economic and intellectual conditions of the two poet's time which played an important role in the formation of their personality. As far as, it can be stated that all the ideas and thoughts of the two poets were rooted in their time's circumstances.

Elite and gentlefolks of any society that conquer to the "right" and "wrong" sides, have a very important role in the orientation of people in various events. So if the gentlefolks of right side be able to practice "guidance and education" masses, happiness in this world and the Hereafter for people will be provided, but if for any reasons, do not shirk their duties, the wrong side come into play and "crash" of the community will begin. Only half a century after the Prophet's death, Ashura event occurred in situation which a large number of companions Prophet – much of them are known as gentlefolks - were alive, but Hussein-bin-Ali in the desert of Karbala in the fight against the wrong side left alone along with his family and his loyal companions that were about 100 man and was killed. In this paper, based on Quran verses, traditions and historical sources, we review the role gentlefolks in the fall of the Islamic community.