پژوهشنامه تربیتی
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 20، پاییز 1388)

The present study is an attempt to investigate the effect of school principals’ gender, expertise, and emotional intelligence. It investigates the degree of school principals’ emotional intelligence at different grades(primary school, guidance school, high school) and its relationship to their demographic characteristics. The research method is descriptive. Of the population of ascool principals in Sari, a stratified random sample of 140 was selected according to Kergesy Morgan table. To gather data, a questionnaire was used. It was comprised of two parts: demographic characteristics part and emotional intelligence part. The results showed: 1. The degree of school principals’ emotional intelligence at different grades was not different. 2. The school principals’ emotional intelligence with different years of experience was not different. 3. Emotional intelligence is different in male and female principals. 4. Emotional intelligence is different in expert and non-expert principals. 5. Emotional intelligence is not different among principals with different university degrees. 6. Emotional intelligence is not different among principals belonging to different age groups. Based on the study, it can be concluded that emotional intelligence is one of the essential factors of management and leadership. Training, expertise and emotional intelligence training courses will be helpful in its effective application.

The purpose of the present research is to survey the effectiveness education courses in teacher-training programs on promoting students’ knowledge, attitudes and skills at Islamic Azad University, Mazandaran Branches, so that it could provide a theoretical framework for designing and compiling the contents of education courses. The method used in the research was cross-sectional descriptive one. The statistical population composed of 1644 students studying at teacher-training courses at Islamic Azad university, Mazandaran Branches in 2006-2007. The stratified sampling was used to select 310 students. Data were collected by a reliable and valid close-ended Lickert scale questionnaire based on research hypotheses. Descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution, frequency percentage and tables were applied to analyze the data. In inferential statistics Kruskal-Wallis test was applied, since it is intended to compare two independent groups with an interval variables. Mann-Whitney(U) test was used to study the effectiveness of the education courses on gender. Findings show that there is a significant difference in students’ knowledge, attitude, and skills depending on their gender and majors. The data analysis shows that curricula in primary school teacher training program is more effective than other majors and men are more effective than women. There is a significant difference in their knowledge, but there is no significant difference in students’ attitudes and skills.

This research is aimed at investigating the efficiency of stress inoculation training in reducing test anxiety in female high school students in Zarand. The statistical population of this research is all the students studying in 1386-87 academic year. Twenty four students who scored high on Sarason test were selected. They were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Stress inoculation training (SIT) was performed in 10 sessions. Both groups were pre-tested and post-tested. In this research 6 hypotheses were presented: 1- Group stress inoculation training reduces test anxiety. 2- Group stress inoculation training reduces fear of and worrying about tests in students. 3. Group stress inoculation training reduces students’ irritability. 4- Group stress inoculation training reduces worrying about failure in tests. 5- Sstress inoculation training promotes self-confidence. 6- Stress inoculation training reduces worrying about future. The t-test was employed to determine whether that has been any difference between pre-test scores and post-test scores.

The present study aims at studying the relationships between educational stressor, religious thoughts, mental health and educational performance among male and female students in Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch. Research sample comprised of 300 (male=150 and female=150) students who were selected based on random stratified sampling from among all the students in Islamic Azad university, Ahvaz Branch. Educational stress, Alport religious thoughts, Goldbergs general health questionnaires (GHQ) were used collect data. The students score averages were used as a criterion for assessing the educational achievement. The research design was based on the correlation analysis. Data were analyzed through Pearson correlation coefficient and multivariable regression analyses at the significant level (p<0.0001). Findings revealed a significant relationship between educational stress, mental health and educational performance. However, there was not a significant relationship between religious thoughts and educational performance. The findings also revealed that there were multivariate relationships between educational stress, religious thoughts, mental health and educational performance among male and female students.

The present research has conducted for investigating the factor structure of the young schema questionnaire – short form and for accessing to a more accurate instrument for assessment of the early maladaptive schema in Iranian population sample. Thus the present research has tried to study the structure in Iranian population sample with foreign population sample and different kind of schema among female and male students using exploratory factor analysis. This research sample consisted of 593 students from Islamic Azad university, Kashmar Branch (37.44 percent were woman and 62.56 percent were men), who were selected by means of multi – stage cluster sampling from the population. This research was preceded by earlier research and is in a wider scale (use of 5 questionnaires) for studying the legitimacy of divergent and convergent schema questionnaire and selection of a bigger and more cohesive student sample. This 5 questionnaires were conducted simultaneously with the main questionnaire. Their results were collected and were analyzed by means of SPSS software (exploratory factor analysis and multivariate regression analysis). This study offered an Iranian norm schema questionnaire – short form, showing that schema questionnaire in Iranian population sample covered 15 factors rather than 11 factors: 1-dafect /frustration/ dependency/obedience 2- emotional deprivation 3-social alienation 4-emotional inhibition, 5-distrust/vulnerability 6- unselfishness (dedication), 7-abandonment, 8-not self – changed 9-qualification (merit) 10- unyielding standards 11-in sufficient self – disciplinary.

An applied descriptive study was conducted to investigate the use of computer in instruction and its relation to teacher’s computer anxiety. The population was 14356 teachers who were teaching high schools in Tehran. 548 teachers were selected randomly as the sample of the study of which 282 were males and 266 females. Computer Anxiety Test and a questionnaire were utilized to collect the data. The data were then analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. The following conclusions were obtained: -There was no significant relation found between educations, sex, and teaching background of the teachers and computer training (pre test and post test). -There was a significant negative relation between computer utilization and computer anxiety. -There was a significant relation between the use of computer in instruction and computer training of the teachers. However, there was no significant relationship between computer training prior to their instruction. -There was a significant relation between computer utilization and on the job computer training and prior training. But there was no significant relation between their computer utilization and teachers computer training. -There was a significant relationship between computer experience and hours spent working with computer anxiety of the teachers. -There was no significant relation between computer utilization and sex of the teachers. This research findings showed that there are differences among a male and female students from kinds of schema. Female student in all the cited schema achieved lower score than mole students.

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between management skills of managers and their efficiency in the state agencies and head offices in Bojnord in 2008. One major hypothesis and five minor ones are offered. The major one is:"There is a relationship between management skills of managers and their efficiency." The minor hypotheses are as follows: There is a direct relationship between technical skills and human skills and comprehension skills of managers with their efficiency. There is a direct relationship between education level and previous management experiences of managers with their management skills. The population in this study includes 1400 employees of head offices in Bojnord. Sample group includes 302 employees, who were chosen using relative stratified sampling employing Kergesy-Morgan Table. Two questionnaires of management skills and efficacy were given. Therefore, inferential and descriptive study is of correlational type. For data analysis, descriptive data including statistical indexes (distribution table, distribution percentage, graphs and plots) as well as inferential data (horizontal table, step wise and simple regression, Pearson,Spearman were used. For reliability test, Cronbach Alpha Formula was used. The findings show that there is a significant relationship between management skills of managers and their efficiency with the least meaningful value in F-test, smaller than 0.05. The four hypotheses out of five were supported in this study. The fifth one was not supported, i.e., there is no relationship between the previous management experiences of managers and their skills of management.

The present study aims to study the degree of effectiveness of teaching methodology in higher education on the promotion of entrepreneurship behavior from university faculty and university students points of view at Isfahan University, Isfahan technology College, Arts faculty, and Islamic Azad University, Isfahan Branch. It is an applied study and uses a survey-descriptive research method. Data gathering instrument is a researcher-made questionnaire with a reliability of 0.98. The construct validity of the questionnaire was determined using factor analysis with varimax rotation. The content validity was confirmed by the supervisor and the guide of the study and five experts at universities. The statistical sample of the study was 365 students and 282 university lecturers and professors at the universities. The sample was selected through proportional stratified sampling method. Descriptive and inferential statistics was carried out using SPSS. The results showed that based on students’ and lecturers’ viewpoints, teaching methods (question and answer, lecture, project, group discussion) had an effect less than average on the entrepreneurship behavior factors(promoting individual capabilities, promoting communication skills, strategies to face change, researching). It was p? 0/001. The responses were also analyzed in terms of gender, group, years at university, and scientific rank of the respondents. The results showed that there were significant differences among respondents’ views on the effectiveness of question and answer (as a factor increasing communication skills), lecturing(as a factor promoting individual capabilities, promoting communication skills, strategies to face change), project(as a factor affecting all) in terms of