فصلنامه مطالعات جغرافیایی مناطق خشک
پیاپی 22 (زمستان 1394)

Today, tourism-oriented property development has played an important role in the economies of the world. Considering that the promotion and development of tourism requires special conditions, structural, political, cultural and social programs in accordance with the conditions and facilities aimed at reducing inequality-regional tourism, understanding the differences between regions and areas different is necessary. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tourism infrastructure of the county Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari in order to plan and prioritize city for tourism development. The nature of research and development, applied research method is descriptive-analytic. In this study, using the model VIKOR, TOPSIS and ELECTER to prioritize the city on the basis of 58 indicators is discussed. Then, according to the results of the above-mentioned methods were not compatible with each other, to achieve a general consensus Copeland techniques have been used. The results show the unbalanced distribution infrastructure for tourism development in the province. So that the output Copland to the county Sharekord, Saman and Ben on their level, Farsan county, Kiyar and Lordegan in their half of the county of Borougen, Koohrang and Lordegan deprived level. Despite these differences, the need to develop and implement programs and projects targeted for the integrated and balanced development of the city in terms of tourism requires.

According to the most recent climate classification that has done yet, about 90 percent of Iran is located in arid and semi-arid climate and more than 40 percent of Iran is facing a severe water crisis. Therefore, understanding the behavioral mechanisms of dry spells has a great significance in arid and semi-arid area, like country of Iran. Especially with the pose of the phenomenon of climate change that caused the worsening dryness and desertification in some of the region. Many research simulated dry spells with climate change approach and use of the output of AOGCM models. Researches in this category are less, but the most recent research has been done by the authors (Hashmy titles et al., 2015), entitled: investigation and modeling length dry spells in the southwest area of Iran. The results indicated length dry spells, have an increase of 20 percent, especially in the winter for decade 2050. In other researches that done by (Dastidar et al. 2010; Schoof and Pryor 2008; Racsko et al. 1991; Semenov and Brooks 1999), Simulating longest wet and dry spells by using randomly generated climate models (LARS-WGS) based on semi-empirical functions, which in this research has been emphasized properties of dry spells (like: frequency of occurrence, average length of wet and dry spells, and the maximum length of wet and dry spells). The aim of this research is to examine the longest length of dry spells with approach of climate change in Iran.
According to aim of this research is to study the longest and extraction length dry spells with climate change approach and climate modeling, used two database in this study: The first database involves collecting and analyzing information database (minimum temperature, maximum temperature, rainfall and sunshine) 45 synoptic stations that have favorable conditions (the maximum area coverage and continuous and reliable data) which were selected for the final processing of the data first base. The second database contains data provided by version 5 models (LARS-WG) and on emissions scenarios (B1, A1B, A2) from AOGCM models for the decade 2050 to be downscaled. In fact, this data is the first data base (minimum temperature, maximum, precipitation and sunshine) which was prepared on the format models for analysis and predict climate change, after downscale it.
Because this study was based on the study and extraction length of dry spells in the range of long-term with the approach of climate change, so the methodology based on several stages: In the first verification (validation) of LARS-WG, to ensure efficiency in the process model simulation will be discussed. Then performance and capabilities of 15 AOGCM models with the new version Lars-wg were assessed. At the end, the precipitation threshold, with the aim of extraction the longest length dry spells was defined, and then compared with the maximum length of the simulated dry spells.
Discussion and Maximum dry spells in Iran is compliance with driest condition in central and eastern areas. So that the country could be divided on the threshold of ./1 mm into 6 orbital region which the northern circuit during the period of 37 days (in the Rasht station) is the minimum and south eastern close circuit with 351-day period in Chabahar stations is maximum in dryness. The values show that there was no rain the threshold of ./1 mm at more than 65 percent of the area's dry spells over 7 months. With a threshold of 5 mm maximum length of dry spells lasted about a year with 364 days in Yazd station. That is roughly one year the size of 5 mm precipitation is not registered at this station. According to the threshold of 10 mm the condition of dry spells roughly worsened to previous thresholds. So that in 90 percent of the area's dry spells has been dominated for more than 8 months. In Yazd and Zabul stations with the longest periods 365 days and Anzali station with the shortest period of 123 days is included.
Dry spells modeling indicated that with the base of both scenarios (A2 and B1) in the southeast and central areas in decade 2050 have the longest dry spells .So that in the most optimistic case (scenario B1) dry periods on average is 3 days longer than in the same of past situation. The maximum length of dry spells in the northern strip of the coast of the Caspian Sea has not so changed with the compare of the situation dry spells (only increased on average of 2 days).In the Northwest area during dry spells compared to the past situation is five days longer.

Today, with the development of paradigms such as the compact city, smart growth and new urbanism, mixed land use-as one of principles of this paradigm- has been expanded in urban planning of developing countries and various researchers tried to develop literature and assessment methods of land use based on the concept of mixture of land use.
The concept of urban land use mix implies that nearby land uses or activities have an influence over each other across a limited spatial range.One of the interests of researchers in field of land use studies is appropriate assessing of land use mix and therefore some researchers have tried to measure mixture of land use in different parts of a city using specific indicators. Given the importance of the subject, this paper tried to measure mixture of land use in neighborhoods of Sabzevar City using defined indicators (entropy, accessibility , focal statistics). The results indicate that the values obtained from these indicators is closely together. Final index was calculated by combining these3 indices that It was determined the significant difference between different neighborhoods. The results show a negative correlation between the distance of neighborhood from the city center and mixture of land use ,So with distance from the downtown, land use mix is reduced. Moran statistics also show that there is spatial autocorrelation between different neighborhoods in terms of land use.

This article tries to focus on the genealogy of Foucault, and by putting it in connection with future studies, try to introduce genealogical future studies as a qualified methodology in geographical research. Accordingly, if the geographic space, relational space, and scenes role playing of discourses and relations of power and knowledge is considered, we face the object and subject of a discourse (the subject and object within discourses), and form, deform and evolution of phenomena emerging how phenomena which emerging from discourses and power relations among them. Thus, genealogical future studies focused on identifying the dominant discourse (which encompass the phenomenon under study) and power relations within and outside of it, as well as discourses of resistance against it, always is looking for identifying future discourse as far as possible by placing the phenomenon in discourse future, to grasp it. Because of uncertainties and driving forces in such process are identified, is derived from behavioral logic of discourse in the future, complete sensation and perception of phenomena in geographical space can be provided. application of genealogical future study as the first approach in the field of future studies has several results as following: first the affecting factors and constructive driving forces, are influenced by the relations between power and knowledge and in the framework of the probable discourse, are recognized to be more realistic, second, this approach, however, can also be used with other methods, but the best method is to use scripting and the use of realistic and likely future scenarios can be formulated is the use of scripting and realistic future scenarios which can be easily formulated.

Variability is one of inherent properties of the climate system. In addition to the dynamic nature, the climate system is extremely intertwined nature also, so that its components interact with each other and eventually they are changing each other. In general, the climate of a geographic location is controlled by various factors, including Atmospheric Action Centers (AACs). AAC's behaviors have an effective role in short and long term changes in weather and climate conditions and components. AAC's of Mediterranean Sea especially its cyclogensis centers in east side of sea have an effective role in Iran precipitation regime. From this point of view, this study looking forwards the effects of temperature and pressure components of east Mediterranean cyclogensis centers in rainfall anomalies of west of Iran.
Material and In this study have been used two data sets: first, database of Meteorological Organization of Iran, based on 1961 to 2010 data series and then, database of U.S. Environmental Studies Organization based on 1948 to 2014 data series. From the total of months were concerned in this study, 55 months have been selected because their abnormality. By using Pearson method the correlation between precipitation amounts of Iranian stations and temperature and pressure on atmospheric levels of MSL, 850, 500 and 300 hpa was calculated for east of Mediterranean Sea. Then significant correlations were interpolated for whole of west of Iran using IDW methods in ArcGIS and the patterns of iso-correlation countors were plotted as a series of maps.
Discussion and Based on results of research the widespread abnormalities of rainfall in west of Iran have correlated more with temperature and pressure changes of upper level synoptic patterns of east section of Mediterranean Sea. Likely, the changes in behaviors of upper levels patterns in east Mediterranean AAC's in cold season and their effects on deepening of Mediterranean Trough and creation the positive vorticity advection in eastern parts of trough have more importance than the patterns in lower levels of atmosphere. In addition , because upper level patterns are far from reach of local ones in low levels, their impacts is more activeness in long distances from Mideast Mediterranean to west of Iran. Also based on results of this study the changes of pressure and temperature components in eastern part of Mediterranean Sea is increasing and significant especially in case of upper levels ACCs. Vertical profiles of abnormalities in all levels of atmosphere confirms increasing of tropospheric temperature and geopotential height over the past three decades (1981-2010) than the normal period (1949-1980). On this basis the different levels of atmosphere from MSL to 300 Hpa have experienced an increase range from 11 to 15 gpm, that for level of 300 Hpa it reach to 35 gpm. But upper parts of atmosphere in levels of 20 to 10 Hpa the feature of decreasing is dominant. In case of temperature of atmospheric levels it was shown that in lower-to-mid levels exists an increase about 0.3Co whereas in upper levels was seen a decrease approximately 1 Co.
Based on results the widespread anomalies of rainfall in west of Iran show strong inverse correlation with temperature and pressure changes in Mid-east AAC's of Mediterranean sea at all atmospheric levels. In Northwest of Iran, above mentioned correlations are weak and insignificant. Also the significant increasing trend of temperature and pressure in Mideast of Mediterranean area in relation with its powerful and inverse correlation with rainfall of west of Iran and with concern to developing trend of Global Warming , confirms the more probability of drought occurrence in west and whole of Iran.
Although according to results of other researches, the rainfall of Iran hasnt already showed any significant trend, but the synoptic studies on mentioned factors especially the cyclogensis centers in east part of Mediterranean sea, shows an increase in atmospheric pressure and consequent more occurrence of droughts in Middle East and Iran in some future decades.

Geomorphological hazards posed as a potentially harmful phenomenon that most important ones are mass movements and landslides. The occurrence of natural hazards (including landslide) has imposed the serious impact on countries’ economic development, especially the third world countries. One of the most important tasks of applied Geomorphology, is to check the position and value of vulnerable human environment to a variety of geomorphic hazards. The risk assessment is the first step of management and reducing the risk and also assesses the possibility of occurrence of landslide in a place with a return period. Therefore, given to the potential of occurrence of landslide in the study area and the presence of traces and evidence of frequent landslide in this area, it seems essential that to provide the landslide hazard zonation and guidelines for risk management. Accordingly, the effective factors of the occurrence of landslide in Farob Roman basin were identified and their impact is determined using ANP method and the hazard zonation map was prepared based on entropy model for this basin.
In this study, at first the information layers of ten effective parameters including altitude, rainfall, slope, slope orientation, geology, land use, vegetation density and distance from the river, faults, and roads were provided. In order to provide these layers, the topographic maps of 1:50000, geological map of 1:100000, land set satellite images and synoptic and rain-gauge stations’ data of this area and its surrounding were used. Also in order to evaluate the results of research, information and data related to 96 landslide point (based on the Department of Watershed and natural resources of Khorasan Razavi’s data) were used to prepare the landslide zonation map. Qualitative information layers have been converted to the quantitative raster files using Arc GIS 10.1 and then given to the features taken from region landslides and based on the ANP, each layer has been weighting and finally, after the classification of layers, entropy matrix was formed for them.
At first the target information layers have been converted to the raster files and then given to the landslide occurred and based on the ANP, weighted sub-criteria assigned to each layer. One of the most important features of this model is composed of super weight matrix at the later stage. In this super matrix, the set of assigned weights based on expert opinion extended to which their convergence matrix elements and row value being equal. Based on the obtained matrix, general weight vector is determined. Using this model, expert opinion and commends, that has always been associated with the error, is adjusted and is prepared to apply in entropy model. Indeed, entropy suggest that how we can estimate the most important factor among the effective factors of an objective or in other hand, those variables that have the greatest impact on the occurrence of an event is determined in this way. In the next stage, using 1-5 equations, the final weights are calculated based on entropy model and then the landslide hazard map is prepared in GIS environment for Farob basin and finally based on the natural breaks is divided into five class and group named very low, low, medium (normal), high and very high risk. Due to the natural and geographical characteristics of study basic and entropy model that has been used for weighting, the impact of the ten effective factors is different. The factors of distance from the river with 20%, precipitation 18%, and slope with 16% have the greatest impact on the occurrence of the landslides in this region. Lithology and height with 11.1%, slope orientation with 8%, vegetation and land use by 5%, distance from fault with 2% and distance from the road with 0.07% are other effective factors on the occurrence of landslide in this basin. Finally, the landslide zonation map was tested using SCAI index. This index provides the level of accuracy in qualitative manner and represents the verifying of landslide zonation map based on the SCAI value of the accuracy of zonation map evaluation in the study basin (By accuracy we mean the reduction of SCAI value from the class of very low to very high one) which, therefore, showed a reduction of SCAI index value from the very low class toward the very high class.
The result of this study indicate that the most important factor on occurrence of landslide in this basin and based on the entropy model is distance from river that assigned the effect of 20%. Given that the total number of landslide that have occurred in this study area is 96 landslides, 49 landslides occurred in 0-50 meter and 40 landslides occurred in 50-150-meter distance from the river that indicate the important direct effect of erosion and river laundering. Precipitation also showed the effect of 18% that is the great impact after the distance from river and in a way that 50 percent of the basin has the precipitation about 460-500 mm and I should mention that 47 landslide occurred in this situation. Based on the entropy model, the third effective factor is slope that has the effect of 16% and 60 landslides have occurred in the slope of 20-35 percent. After these two, lithology and height were other effective factors in landslide that the highest landslides were occurred in metamorphic and changing formations (CTRS-sh) and Delijay and Shemshak formations (Jd-Jsh s) with the number of 63 and 26, respectively. Slope orientation with 8%, vegetation and land use with 5%, distance from fault with 2%, and distance from the road with 0.07% are other effective factor on occurrence of landslides in this region. About 41 percent of basin area is in the range of high and very high risk that in this area, about 73 percent of landslides occurred. This suggests that how this area is risk taking to landslides. Assessment of landslide hazard map using SCAI index revealed the high correlation of prepared risk map and the landslides points.

Nebkhas stabilized aeolian landforms in arid and semiarid areas which have been formed due to the deposition of sediments around trees, shrubs and bushes (Cooke et al, 2006:61). In addition to the wind pattern, sand resources and other natural factors like topography, rainfall and depth of the groundwater play a role in the formation and development of this landform (Melton, 1940: 113; Kocurek and Lancaster, 1999: 506, Wang et al, 2006: 129, wang et al, 2010: 698). These geomorphic landforms develop well in areas in which wind energy is low (Wang et al., 2008: 363; Lang et al., 2013: 346) and one usually observed as an appropriate index of earth destruction and the condition of the environment in an area (Gile, 1975: 322; Tengberg and Chen 1998: 183; Wang et al. 2006: 131). Due to their important role in stabilizing the environment of areas, these phonemes have been noticed by the researchers (Du et al., 2010: 712).
The analysis of nebkha began with specifying the targeted areas for study through the picture of Google earth software. In the first place, in March 2015 in a 400*500 areas five transects on the targeted areas was taken troughs GPS each of which was 500 meters with the distance between them being 100 meters. Then, morphometric properties like: height, length, width, the wind-faced slope, the wind-beaked slope, height at the hill, diameter and height at the crest and height at the plants at 51 Nebkhas located in Sirjan transects and 55 Nebkhas located in Shahr-e Babak transects were measured. In the next stage, in each area one Nebkha was selected for sampling and after digging a vertical profile on the Nebkha four sediment samples with specified distance were taken. The samples were then taken to laboratory and analyzed by GRADISTAT4.0 software. Afterwards, descriptive statistics and regression analysis at the morphometric data at the Nebkhas was provided through SPSS. Although, to specify the speed and orientation at the wind, the orientation and speed of the weather station of Sirjan and Shahr-e Babak for 26 years were investigated and the Wind rose plots were drawn in WRPlot software. In the next stage to measure the groundwater level and their relations to Nebkha changes, the piezometric data at 70 wells in Sirjan and 61 wells in Shahr-e Babak was collected and the degree of water change for 10 years from 2001-2011 was examined. Finally, the development patterns of Nebkha in Sirjan and Shahr-e Babak was drawn based on the field studies, measurement of groundwater and the evaluation through each Nebkha goes in the course at its formation. The comparative analysis of Eco morphology properties of Sirjan and Shahr-e Babak Nebkas was presented.
Discussion and The results indicate that there is a significant relationship between most of the morphometric components of Nebkhas. The analysis shows that all the Nebkhas in the two investigated areas are formed around Tamarisc shrubs. The analysis of the wind rose plots along with the specific direction of the Nebkhas revealed that the major winds which have led to the creation of Nebkhas have a southwest and west direction in Sirjan and a southwest direction in Shahr-e Babak. The investigation of the sediments of Sirjan Nebkhas showed that all their sediments, except for a single period (the period in which the sediments have deposited) are sandy-Silty, like the sediments at the Shahr-e Babak Nebkas. The change detection of groundwaters indicates that the amount of reduction around Nebkhas in both areas is 2.5-3.0 meters. In addition to the analysis of groundwater, field studies demonstrate the presence of too many dead Nebkhas and the death of the vegetation of most of Shahr-e Babak Nebkhas. But in Sirjan, thanks to the existence of enough sand resources, gradual increase of wind speed and the suitable level of groundwater have set the conditions for the development of Nebkhas. Overall that Sirjan Nebkhas are in the growth stage while Shahr-e Babak Nebkhas are in the destruction stage.
The existence of significant relationship between most of the morphometric properties of Nebkhas shows that by having exact and enough data these geomorphic shapes can be modeled with a high level of accuracy. The results indicate that the destruction of Shahr-e Babak Nebkhas and transition from the growth to the destruction stage has resulted from limitations in water resources and if the sources of sand supply were limited or the wind speed decreased, instead of being in the destruction stage the Nebkhas should have been in the stability stage. Overall it can be concluded that considering the significance of Nebkhas in stabilizing the environment of deserts, one of the required measures to be taken in the domain of Desert greening of transport areas (the areas where the Nebkhas were created) is the identification of the developmental stages of the Nebkhas so that exact planning can be carried out.