International Journal of Management and Business Research
Volume:4 Issue: 4, 2014

The present study aimed at determining the relationship between servant leadership as well as its dimensions and organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) of employees at Valiasr Academic Complex (Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch). The research was applied, descriptive and correlational. Statistical population included 230 employees in first semester of educational year (2012- 2013), of which 144 employees were selected as the study sample size through proportional stratified random sampling method. Reliability of the standard servant leadership Sendjaya et al., questionnaire was 0.83 and 0.88 for Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Moorman and Fetter''s standard organizational citizenship behavior questionnaire. Results revealed that while there was a significant relationship between servant leadership dimensions of voluntary subordination, authentic self, conventional relationships, responsible morality and transforming influence, and organizational citizenship behavior; there was no significant correlation between dimension of transcendental spirituality and organizational citizenship behavior.

When research on repatriation has shown that repatriates quit within one year of return from a foreign assignment, this study attempts to find what makes some repatriates stay committed and loyal to their companies when their colleagues are quitting and joining their immediate competitors? The research further extends to explore - factors determining repatriates loyalty, repatriates’ most desirable policy implemented in the repatriation program and finally to develop a model that measures repatriate’s loyalty. Indian IT employees who had travelled to United States of America for business related assignments, stayed there for duration of six months to two years and returned back to India were contacted for the purpose of this study. An online questionnaire is used for data collection, and 52 responses were considered suitable for the study. Factor analysis is used to find out the factors determining repatriates loyalty and repatriates’ most desirable benefits and organizational practices with respect to repatriation. Repatriates considered return support services, career planning services and communication services as the most desirable benefits in a repatriation assignment. Gratification after repatriation, and career advancement opportunities were the factors that influenced repatriates’ loyalty. A model is developed to measure repatriates loyalty by using multiple regression and factor analysis.

Generally, high oil prices slow economic growth, cause inflationary pressures and creates global imbalances. In addition, oil price volatility increase uncertainty and restrain the much-needed investment in the capital market. Thus, this paper applies the Augmented Dickey Fuller and Johansen Co-integration Tests in which the effect of oil price volatility, crude oil price and stock price is analyzed in a unifying model. The model is applied to Nigeria using time series data spanning 1980 to 2013. The empirical result suggests that oil price volatility affect stock price positively and negatively. This was confirmed in the normalized co-integrating coefficients that there are positive and negative relationships between the variables. The inference is that when oil price positively affect stock price it mean that stock price is deemed to flourish (i.e. it creates a favorable investment climate) and the negativity indicates that oil price volatility does not mean well for stock price (i.e. it creates an unfavorable investment climate) in the capital market. The higher and more volatile the oil price, the worse the stock price is and vice versa. Based on this, it was recommended that policy aimed at capital market growth should focus on price stability. Also, viable and consistent economic diversification policies aimed at focusing on alternative sources of government revenue is recommended.

Email marketing is increasingly recognized as an effective Internet marketing tool. In this study, a questionnaire is constructed and distributed to a sample of 146 prospects of Aditi Technologies to find the factors associated with higher response rates. The collected data is analyzed using Factor Analysis and the 11 factors, From Line, Subject Line, Personalization of the subject line, Timings for sending mails, Frequency of mailing, Length of the Emails, Incentives to respond, Pre-existing Business Relationship, Permission based emails, Links and Image are extracted and it explains 78.363% of variance. These 11 factors is analyzed using Multiple Linear Regression and the. 922 R square value indicates that 9 independent variables, Permission based emails, Length of Email, Timings, From Line, Frequency of mailing, Preexisting Business, Personalization, Incentives to respond, Subject Line contributes to higher response rate. This study also investigates marketing campaigns of Aditi Technologies using RFM, CHAID, and logistic regression segmentation methods. One-way ANOVA is used to analyze the data and it is found that there exists no difference between the three approaches. The study concludes that RFM is the most commonly used segmentation approach, however RFM may focus too much attention on transaction information (recency, frequency, and monetary value) and ignore individual difference information (e.g., values, motivations, lifestyles) that may help a firm to better market to their customers. This consideration would favor analytical techniques such as CHAID and logistic regression that can accommodate a variety of personality and individual difference information.

This paper aims to comprehend the intrinsic limitations of the market players in the financial system and how these create a situation of `missing middle` for small and medium industries (SME) financing in Bangladesh. A clear dualism prevails in the manufacturing industry of this country. While the SMEs maintains the biggest share in establishments and employment creation, large enterprises (LEs) contributes to the massive amounts of manufacturing value addition. Banks and other financial institutions furnish bulk of their financing to the export oriented large industries. Based on three surveys of these industries conducted by the World Bank (WB), Center for Policy Dialogue (CPD) Bangladesh and other organizations, and related literature and other published data, inferences are drawn that efficiency of these industries could be enhanced through assuring their fair participation in the formal financial sector. The development of SMEs in Bangladesh may be concentrated on some high performing firms who lie in extremes, the top end or the lowest end of SME cluster. Formal financing problem is more acute for those who are in the middle of this segment. Unlike many other papers in this area, the current one for the first time tries to understand the extent of the financing gap for these `missing middle`.

Firms pursue diversification for sake enhancing financial performance. Some theories state positive relationship between diversification and financial performance. However, there are some theories for negative relationship about the issue. The study has filled the gap that most studies done in developed countries and there are fewer studies in developing country like Malaysia. In this study, researchers try to examine the relationship between product diversification and international diversification with financial performance in manufacturing firms listed in Bursa Malaysia. The study is done in 102 manufacturing firms listed in Bursa Malaysia during 2006 to 2010. Two regression models are run with return on assets (ROA) as a dependent variable. Also, the main independent variables are total product diversification (TPD), related product diversification (RPD), unrelated product diversification (UPD), international diversification (ID). The results show product diversification and unrelated diversification are not significant; however, related diversification and international diversification have negative impact on financial performance.

Purpose – This study tries to examine how Perceived Instrumentality Organizational (The extent to which employees feel that their display of OCB will help in contributing to organizational operations and achievement of organizational objectives) and Perceived Instrumentality Individual (the extent to which employees perceive that their display of OCB will help in achieving Individual Objectives and benefits) are related to employees display of OCB and how these perceptions mediate the relationships between Perceived Organizational Support, Job Satisfaction, Justice Perceptions and OCB. Design/methodology/approach – A structured questionnaire was filled by a sample of 542 respondents from the pharmaceutical organizations located in Rawalpindi – Islamabad region of Pakistan. The data was analyzed with the help of SPSS and complete model testing was done with the help of AMOS. Findings – Results show that Perceived Instrumentalities Organizational and Individual partially mediate the relationships between Job Satisfaction, Perceived Organizational Support, Justice Perceptions and OCB. It was found out further that the mediating effect by Perceived Instrumentality Individual is more than that of Perceived Instrumentality Organizational. That leads us to conclude that the employees of the sector under study perceive individual benefits as more important than the organizational benefits. Practical implications – Effective Organizational Justice, Support and Job satisfaction can contribute to the development of stronger perceptions of Instrumentalities (Organizational and Individual), that in result can lead to a greater OCB. As it is known that beliefs and perceptions change with the time and experiences so a longitudinal or experimental research in future may be conducted to bring a definitive conclusion on the casual directions suggested in this study. Originality/value – The use of OCB specific meanings as mediators over the relationship between OCB and JS, JP and POS is unique to this study. The sector considered –Pharmaceutical- also adds to its originality and value.