نشریه علوم و فنون منابع طبیعی
سال یازدهم شماره 1 (بهار 1395)

This study is investigates the effect of mechanical properties of CMP pulp treated with P.
chrysosporium fungi. After preparing the fungi sample, provided chips of hornbeam were
treated under 39°C and 65% relative humidity condition in three distinct time of 4 weeks and untreated sample as control. For preparation the CMP pulp from treated chips, pulping temperature were adjusted at 165°C, pulping time at 80 and 90 minutes, and 14 and 22 percent of chemicals charge (sodium sulphite) were used and the ratio of pulping liquor to chips were 7:1. Results showed that fungal treatment reduces fungal resistance indices as indexes of tensile, burst, tear strength and fold endurance.

Beech trees are of the most important, richest and most economical way to forests of Iran. Total height of the main variables can be considered forest morphometric variables. The variable height of the tree in forest biometrics, such as determining volume, height curve drawing, computation Slenderness coefficient of trees used. One of the crucial factors in calculating the diameter at breast height is the size of tree. The forest of 90 trees were selected to evaluate Slenderness coefficient beech. Accelerators increase the height of beech trees until they reach 40 cm in diameter, higher. The minimum average height of 19.20 meters in diameter classes 30-50 cm & maximum average 27.55 meters a height diameter classes 100- 120 cm. The average Slenderness coefficient 34.58 that stability is very good. Slenderness coefficient in the increase of tree diameter, shows a decreasing trend. Reducing the Slenderness coefficient of trees beech tree at a young age because of greater height growth, diameter growth low and competition for the crown and light. With age, the increased diameter growth and decreased height growth. With age and diameter growth increases the stability of the tree.

In this study, physical, chemical and biometrical properties of stem and branch wood of
Persian oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) were studied in central Zagros forests. Persian oak from Fagacea family is the most important tree wood species in the central Zagros forest. In order to determine its physical, chemical and biometrical properties, 3 normal trees from Lordegan forest stands in Charmahal va Backtiari province were selected and cut. The biometrical characteristics including fiber length, fiber diameter, lumen and cell wall thickness were investigated. Physical properties including dry and basic density as well as volumetric shrinkage and swelling were measured. In addition, chemical compositions e.g. cellulose, lignin and ash content were determined. The results showed that dry and basic density as well as volumetric shrinkage and swelling of stem wood was higher than those of branch wood. There was statistical significant different at 5 percent level between fiber length, fiber diameter, lumen and cell wall in stem and branch wood. It is indicated the content of cellulose, lignin and ash in stem- and branch were 45,15, 24,12, 3,34 41, 25,12, 28,68 and 2,58 %respectively.

Alhagi is one of the shrubs that is well adapted to the salinity environmental conditions.
This plant can grow on most soils, even on soils with a white layer of salt and due to the
appropriate nutritional value of Alhagi, it can also be used in animal feed ration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value of this plant in livestock feeding. In this study, through structured searches on Internet networks inside and outside the country, published articles about the chemical-compositions of Alhagi were surveyed. Alhagi chemical compositions was created and Meta-Analysis was performed using R software (metapackage). So, the confidence-intervals and heterogeneity of each study were also calculated. The results showed that the amount of Organic-Matter, Protein, Fat, Ash, NDF, Non-Fiber- Carbohydrate (%DM) and Energy (kcal/kg), were 91.0, 11.0, 1.6, 9.0, 41.7, 37.1 and 4019.2, respectively, and so the heterogeneity of this plant were zero, 81.3, 94.4, 74.6, 88.6, 92.4 and zero percent respectively. The most homogeneity among the studies was for Organic-Matter and Energy. Totally, Alhagi with a suitable nutritional value that grows well in the central desert of Iran with the mentioned chemical-compositions can be used in the livestocks feed.

In this study, we investigated the effect of nanosilica and chemical treatments on the engineering properties of WPC composite. In this research we have considered beech wood flour, nano-silica and acrylic acid for chemical treatments and HDPE in the manufacture of composite. With combination of 8 treatments variable factors, which in each 3 replicates were made. Then physical and mechanical properties of composite were measured according to ASTM standards. The results of tensile test indicate that with the addition of only 1% nanosilica, tensile strength was increased by 44%. The results of tensile modulus of elasticity showed that with increasing 1 percent nano silica in a multi-structure WPC, modulus of elasticity will increase and with the addition of acrylic acid in the samples we can improve modulus of elasticity. The positive effect of nanosilica on the impact strength was found. Water absorption and thickness swelling test results showed that the addition of nano-silica, resulting in decreased water absorption and thickness swelling and also in the samples made with chemically treated of acrylic acid we have seen less water absorption and thickness swelling.

In this research we have been studying the anatomical features of species of Pteropyrum
aucheri,which is a member of Polygonaceae family and the area of the desert shrub in Iran. We chose 3 shrubs randomly from that species. Small parts of the stem samples were prepared in a solution of Formalin, Acetic acid and ethanol and after transfer to the laboratory, rinsed with water. To measure of anatomical features, some of the samples were putted in the solution of Glycerin, water, Alcohol that ratio was 1:1:1. Prior to taking the stage will be quite soft. According to the previous studies on the anatomical characteristics of Pteropyrum aucheri species, it is member of ring-porous with Vessels exclusively solitary and Growth ring boundaries distinct. It has simple perforation plate and intervessel pits opposite. Distribution of 50 to 60 vessels per square millimeter and the average length of the vessel is 92 to 94micrometer. Tyloses and gums has been rarely seen on it. There are a lot of vasicentric tracheid’s. Filer thin-to thick-walled,Axial parenchyma are scanty paratracheal and Axial parenchyma vasicentric and the beginning and end of the growing circles Axial parenchyma in marginal or seemingly marginal bands. Wood rays in tangential sections are exclusively uniseriate. Rays in tangential section are with procumbent, square and upright cells mixed and with present of axial parenchyma and vessel elements storied and also oil or mucilage cells associated with ray parenchyma and with axial parenchyma. And finally with Specific gravity of 0.804 gr/cm3. Its Heartwood basically brown or shades of brown. Ash was white and equal to 3/75 percent.

Pistachio is one of the wooden plants that browse can be used in chipboard manufacturing industries. But the optimal use of this biological material is necessary to know its anatomical and morphological features. In this research, anatomical and morphological Pistacia atlantica Desf and Pistacia vera L was evaluated. For this purpose, samples of these two species from a tree base and microscopic sections were prepared and described according to the microscopic characteristics of broadband presented by the committee.IAWA.Also, morphological samples were prepared according to Franklin method to lenghth of fiber, determine the thickness of the fiber wall, the diameter of cell cavity, followed by biometric coefficients.The results of this study showed that among the significant anatomical characteristics Pistacia atlantica Desf. And Pistacia vera L. in the radial section, the type of rays varies from the morgin of the Pistavia vera L. sleep cells are located but in the Pistacia atlantica Desf. From of cells, they are sleeping with a square margin. Pistacia atlantica Desf. has a lot of sclerosis glands along with crystals in the vein section but in the species of the Pistacia vera L. , you rarely see.