فهرست مطالب
Health Promotion Perspectives
Volume:8 Issue: 4, Oct 2018
- تاریخ انتشار: 1397/07/11
- تعداد عناوین: 12
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Pages 255-262BackgroundThe purpose of this review was to evaluate whether acute exercise intensities have unique effects on memory function, and whether this is influenced by memory type as well as the temporality of the acute exercise bout.MethodsA systematic review was employed, using several databases (PubMed, PsychInfo,Sports Discus, Google Scholar, Embase).ResultsIn total, 9 articles met the study criteria. All 9 studies evaluated either working memory capacity or episodic-related memory function. The main findings across these studies were 1) when acute exercise occurs before the memory task, high-intensity exercise may be less favorable for working memory but may favor episodic memory; 2) when acute exercise occurs during the memory task, high-intensity exercise may be less favorable for working memory capacity; and 3) high-intensity exercise may not associate with long-term memory function when it occurs shortly after memory encoding.ConclusionThe relationship between acute exercise and memory is complex and may vary based on the intensity of exercise, the temporality of exercise, and the memory type evaluatedKeywords: Episodic memory, High-intensity, Moderate-intensity, Walking, Working memory
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Pages 263-267BackgroundPatient information leaflet (PIL) which accompanies medicinal products and informs patients about dosage, side effects, etc., is known as a tool which empowers patients to be more involved in making decisions related to their medications and health. In recent years, policy makers have paid much attention to PIL and its lay-friendliness i.e. being clear,explicit, and easy to read and understand. In various countries, PIL is known as a legal genre and must be prepared in understandable language. The present study aimed to situate PIL within its institutional context and investigate the importance is given to the lay-friendliness of PIL in Iran.MethodsIn this observational study, official website of Food and Drug Administration of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IFDA) was consulted. Iran’s rules and regulations, legal requirements,linked to PIL production and translation were introduced and discussed in relation to lay friendliness.ResultsLimited legislation relevant for the production and translation of lay-friendly PIL was found. The IFDA has not issued any documents or guidelines which exclusively concern lay friendliness of PIL. Any methods which can assess lay-friendliness in original and translated PILs were not observed.ConclusionThe IFDA, the authoritative body in charge of legislation concerning PIL, has given limited importance to the language used in PIL and its lay-friendliness, witnessed by the limited legislation which is relevant for the production and translation of easy-to-understand PIL. It is not clear that how the IFDA assesses quality and lay-friendliness of original and translated PILsKeywords: Comprehension, Institutional context, Iran, Language, Lay-friendliness, Patient information leaflet
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Pages 268-274BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to assess the contrast perception of obstacles in a tunnel entrance which was placed in Ilam Province, Iran.MethodsAn obstacle with the reflection coefficient of 20% was mounted at the entrance of thetunnel and then, the car was placed near the tunnel entrance and the intrinsic luminance of the road (Lr,intrinsic) and obstacle (Lo,intrinsic) were measured inside the car using the luminance meter.ResultsIntrinsic luminance of obstacle and road at the entrance of the tunnel were measured as 41 and 17 cd/m2, respectively. The contrast perception of obstacle in deriver’s eyes and in the safe stopping distance (SSD) from the tunnel entrance was determined as 2.79 cd/m2. At the entrance of the studied tunnel, the contrast perception of obstacles with the reflection coefficient of 20% was lower than the minimum contrast perception (28%) recommended by International Commission on Illumination.ConclusionThe main conclusion that can be drawn from it, is that this obstacle in the SSD from the tunnel entrance cannot be conceived by the drivers, which may lead to higher rate of road traffic crashesKeywords: Contrast perception, Safe stopping distance, Tunnel entrance, Ilam
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Pages 275-282BackgroundHeart failure (HF) is a common clinical syndrome resulting from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of ventricles to fill with or eject blood.Our aim in this study was to examine the possible direct/indirect effects of health belief model(HBM) constructs on self-care behaviors among HF patients.MethodsA secondary analysis was conducted on an HBM-based data set collected from 180 patients with HF who were recruited from a heart hospital in Tehran, Iran, during a prospective experimental study in 2008. A regression-based path analysis was conducted to examine the relationships between HBM constructs (as independent variables) and self-care behaviors (as dependent variable).ResultsA conceptual path model was identified for the cognitive determinants of self-care behaviors among HF patients. Knowledge (β = 0.399), perceived barriers (β = 0.315) and susceptibility (β = 0.165) had direct effects on self-care (R2 = 0.512, P < 0.001). Perceived benefits, self-efficacy, severity and threat, locus of control and cues to action had indirect effects on self-care through the first three variables.ConclusionHBM was found to be helpful in understanding direct and indirect associations between the cognitive determinants and self-care behaviors among HF patients. Based on this challenging path analysis, HF patients’ knowledge and perceived barriers and susceptibility are suggested as the most core categories while designing HF educational programs. Better understanding on such associations may lead nurses and health practitioners in designing properly informed stage-specific educational interventions aiming to foster self-care behaviors among HF patientsKeywords: Heart Failure, Self-care behavior, Health Belief Model, Path analysis
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Pages 283-289Background
Prevalence of F&V consumption in Namibia is not known. In this study we aimed to address this gap by using nationally representative data with the objectives of measuring the prevalence of adequate F&V consumption among adult men and women and their socio demographic determinants.
MethodsThis study is based on data from Namibia Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS2013). Sample population were 14 185 men and women aged between 15 and 49 years.Amount of fruit and vegetable consumption was measured by self-reported frequencies and was defined as adequate (at least 5 servings/day) according to World Health Organization (WHO)guidelines.
ResultsOverall, only 4.3% (3.8-4.9%) of the men and women reported consuming at least 5 servings of F&V a day, with the percentage being slightly higher among women (4.8%,95% CI=3.7-6.2) compared with men (4.2%, 95% CI=3.6-4.8). In the multivariable analysis,education level and household wealth status appeared to be the only factors associated with adequate F&V intake. Men and women who had primary level education had higher odds of eating at least 5 servings of F&V a day compared with those who had no education. Regarding wealth status, men and women from non-poor households had respectively 2.13 times(OR=2.13, 95% CI=1.01-4.48) and 2.2 times (OR=2.19, 95% CI=1.56-3.38) higher odds of eating at least 5 servings of F&V a day.
ConclusionOnly a small proportion of the men and women consumed adequate amount of F&V on daily basis. Having primary level education and non-poor household wealth status were positively associated with adequate amount of F&V intake
Keywords: Demographic, Health Survey, Fruit, vegetable consumption, Socio-demographic factors, Namibia -
Pages 290-295BackgroundWe decided to assess the correlation between metabolic syndrome (MetS) risks,sleep and napping duration in Azar cohort population according to the increasing incidence of MetS in the world and inconsistence results about sleep duration and MetS.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, MetS and sleep habits of 14916 subjects (35-70 years old) who inhabited in Shabestar city were determined by ATPIII and Pittsburg questionnaire respectively. Inclusion criteria were subjects with 35-70 years old and living in Shabestar for at least 9 months of the year.ResultsAccording to the results, age, living place, body mass index, hypnotic drug use, sleep and napping duration and TV time were the risk factors of MetS. In this regard, long sleep duration (>9 h/24 h), napping (0.25-2 h/day), hypnotic drug use and watching TV (2 h/day)increased the risk of MetS by 1.18 (1.05-1.33), 1.16(1.07-1.26), 1.35(1.13-1.60), and 1.13(1.04-1.23) respectively.ConclusionAccording to these results, it appears that proper education for improvement of sleep habit is necessary to reduce incidence of MetS and its consequences. However, there is need for more longitudinal researches and using objective method of sleep habits evaluation for more precise resultsKeywords: Sleep duration, Napping, Metabolic syndrome, Hypnotic drugs
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Pages 296-302BackgroundThe cognitive function could be affected following exposure to organic solvents.The purpose of this study was to examine the cognitive performance of workers exposed to different levels of organic solvents in a painting unit of an automotive industry.MethodsThis case-control study was conducted, in 2017, on 121 and 111 workers from the painting and assembly units of an automotive industry as the case and control groups,respectively. Exposure of workers to organic solvents were determined according to National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) method. The cognitive performance of the studied population was evaluated by the computerized tests.ResultsThe obtained scores of the N-Back in 1 and 2 blocks and the simple reaction time tests(SRTTs) were significantly differed in the exposed group (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed between case and control groups in the Stroop test score (p> 0.05). Moreover, a significant relationship between the hazard quotient and the cognitive function test scores were observed except the Stroop test.ConclusionExposure to organic solvents affect the cognitive functions even below the Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs). Moreover, workers with high exposure levels of organic solvents had highest risk of poor memory and reaction time.Keywords: Automotive industry, Cognitive function, Occupational exposure, Painting unit, Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
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Development and psychometric evaluation of an emotional growth questionnaire for university studentsPages 303-307BackgroundDespite the importance of emotional growth promotion among students, there is still a lack of standard emotional growth tools to evaluate the concept while developing interventional programs. The aim of present study was to devise and provide a valid and reliable instrument for measuring students’ emotional growth.MethodsThis study was conducted from 2016 to 2017 among university students. A questionnaire containing 79 items was made using focus group discussions with students and studying relevant texts. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (n = 188) was used to determine the construct validity of the questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (n = 38) was performed to assess the validity of the model. Reliability (n = 56) and repeatability (n = 31) of the questionnaire were assessed.ResultsA 4-factor (positive identity, self-esteem, effective communication and motivation)and 21-item solution was found as the best solution, which explained 63.5% of total variancebetween the items. The results of CFA approved the validity of the model (CFI = 0.914, RMSEA= 0.070). Cronbach alpha (0.93) and Intra class correlation coefficient (0.91) approved the reliability and repeatability of questionnaire.ConclusionThe 21 items questionnaire seems to be a valid and reliable instrument to measure emotional growth among university studentsKeywords: Emotional growth, Reliability, Validity, Psychometric, Confirmatory factor analysis, Exploratory factor analysis
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Pages 308-314BackgroundChild pedestrian injury is a global public health concern. Our aim in the present study was to investigate the effects of active learning-based educational intervention on street crossing behavior among male primary school students in Mehriz county, Iran.MethodsIn this randomized controlled trial, 90 first grade elementary school students(experiment = 50, control group = 48) participated. The "ASSURE Model" was applied to design the template of this active learning-based educational program, which was implemented for the experiment group in eight sessions. Behaviors of the students about ‘’looking for vehicles on the street’’, "being cautious of dangers’’ and ‘’crossing from safe places’’ were observed and documented in actual traffic environments before, 1 week, and 6 months after intervention.ResultsOne week and 6 months after the intervention, the experiment group’s performance in all 3 behaviors were significantly improved (P < 0.001). Distraction-adjusted differences in the mean scores of behaviors between the experiment (Mean = 2.62) and control (Mean = 3.19)groups before and 6 months after intervention (Mean in experiment groups = 6.3, Mean in control group = 4.24) were also statistically significant (P < 0.001).ConclusionOur educational intervention was found to be helpful in promoting the street crossing behaviors of primary school-aged children. School healthcare professionals may apply active learning education as the core category of their interventional programs to promote street-crossing behaviors among primary school studentsKeywords: Active learning, ASSURE Model, Children, Pedestrian, Traffic behavior
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Evaluation of cardiovascular risk factors in women referring to health centers in Tabriz, Iran, 2017Pages 315-322BackgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality among men and women around the world. The aim of this study was to investigate major cardiovascular risk factors in women living in the Tabriz petrochemical region, Iran during spring 2017.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, a sample of 152 women aged 30-55 years was selected from who attended health center in Tabriz, Iran. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure,daily dietary intakes and fasting serum lipid profile, oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were evaluated.ResultsThe prevalence of overweight, general and abdominal obesity (based on Body mass index [BMI] and waist circumference [WC]) was 34.2%, 52.6%, and 73.7%, respectively. Eleven point two percent and 4.6% of women had pre-hypertension based on systolic blood pressure (SBP)and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). High serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)were determined in 32.5%, 25.7%, 17.8% and 56.6% of subjects, respectively. The median of serum ox-LDL concentration was 3181.5 ng/L. Sixty-five point eight percent of participants hadhigh hs-CRP levels. In the multiple-adjusted quintile regression analysis, significant relationships were found between serum ox-LDL and age (B = 96.7, P = 0.003) and between serum hs-CRP with diastolic blood pressure (B = 0.1, P = 0.083) and TG (B = 0.01, P = 0.088).ConclusionThe high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the studied women warrants more public health attention. The results also suggest that aging was associated with high serumox-LDL and increased serum hs-CRP levels, which may reflect enhanced DBP and serum TG.Keywords: Cardiovascular risk factors, Women, Obesity, Dyslipidemia, Petrochemical region