نشریه تاریخ اسلام و ایران
سال بیست و ششم شماره 31 (پاییز 1395)

Ayyãrs refer to a group of gallant, group of poor and sportsmanlike people who have played an important role in Eastern caliphate ruling land's history.These people are mostly called by some other different names, for instance, Shattars also Zavaqil and saalik and Tarrars and Aqura and Fattal and Zurafa and chivalrous, due to their place of appearance . Nevertheless, most historians take the view that Ayyãrs are bandits and pillager who have their own set of rules and laws. Ayyãrs could take advantage of dispute which fixed between Al Mamun (789_833) and Al-amin (787-813).The could rise up from low social class and have influence on Baghdad's social and political situation in late second century by being involved in dispute. This article is studying the causes and purposes of Ayyãrs, taking political role in Baghdad and also Ayyars in fighting Al- Amin and Al- Mamun for the firt time, How its political rols played?

Avoiding fight with the Roman Empire that was engaged in riots and political chaos, and ceasing the sporadic prosecution and torturing of Christians and Jews, Yazdgerd I (339-420 CE) made Iranian nobles, who were willing to fight with the old enemy of Iran, furious, and also offended and displeased the Zoroastrian priests who were always against religious tolerance of Iranian kings and expansion of the religious beliefs of foreigners in Iran. Accordingly in historiographical tradition of Sasanians, which is a reflection of Zoroastrian nobles’ and priests’ attitudes, Yazdgerd I is described as “a sinful, harsh and tyrant king”, mainly due to his religious tolerance to Jews and Christians. Yazdgerd has two other faces in Jews and Christian literature as well. In Jewish accounts, in which the connection between yazdgerd’s advocates and Jews is reported, Yazdgerd is described as a “benevolent king, the supporter of Jews and another Cyrus”. The contemporary Christians named Yazdgerd “the victorious and well-behaved king and Second Constantine for the Christian world”. This research aims at describing these three faces of Yazdgerd in Zoroastrians’, Jews’ and Christians’ views and studying the incompatibility of Iranian tradition and Jewish and Christians accounts in reporting the reign of Yazdgerd I.

Several articles and books have been written about the decline of Islamic civilization and authors have tried to examine the causes of this decline on the basis of their intellectual basics and mental images. One of the most prominent thinkers was Shakib Arslan (1286-1366) who had Islamic modernism tendency unlike the fundamentalist and pro-Western currents. He tried to answer to this important historical question in his works, especially " Why Muslims delayed and why others progress" that why Muslims fell behind at non-Muslim in civilization arena. After numerous trips to different countries like America, the former Soviet and Spain, he looked for the retardation secret in both internal and external factors that the most important internal factors from his viewpoint were ignorance, imperfect science, moral corruption, fear, disappointment and despotism. Arsalan has mentioned the influence and effects of Western countries in political, economic and evangelical frameworks as well as neighboring of Islamic countries with colonialist countries as the external factor in the decadence of Islamic civilization. In this paper, we seek to answer to the causes of the decline of Islamic civilization from the viewpoint of Shakib Arsalan by the method of description along with analysis and relying on the works of this scientist.

Events in the nineteenth century Europe changed all aspects of life in other societies. Iranian economy was also not protected from such events and transformed from an inborn traditional economy to an imported one, as a result of facing with the newborn capitalistic economy. Iranian economy approached the neighboring economical patterns and became one of major producers of raw material for global markets. Opium as a raw material was known as a non-commercial stuff in traditional Iranian economy. Since the second half of nineteenth century, with transforming the economy, opium became a commercial stuff in the new imported and dependent economy. Economical dependence indices of Iran such as thrive of raw material production, increase of trade volume, slump of handicrafts and role of Britain as center of capitalistic economy are some of major reasons of entering the opium and its commercialization in the Iranian economy. After commercialization of opium, some domestic agents like the silkworm disease, negative trading level, active role of Qajars and some governors such as Mirza Hossein Khan Sepahsalar in regard to opium, the specific features of this raw material and unbalanced status of the Iranian economy, resulted in increasing production of opium. This raw material became the most important exported stuff shortly after its commercialization and played an important role in Iranian economy.

This article has tried to look at the water management system in the Isfahan in Safavid era,by researching the historical documents, and also looking at the political and social stability of that period, by mean of shine a flash on relevance between rise and fall of civilizations with their ability to manage water resources. Water shortage in the Iran plateau has always been the main concern, and one of the most important achievements of people in this region is to devise methods of irrigation and water management. Witha survey on the current situation of dry countries in the world, it became clear that their political stability and security is severely affected by water crisis. In the heyday of the Safavid, management of water resources was very efficient and accurate.At the end of the Safavid period, the government fell,corruption and bribery were common, and simultaneously, the water management system becamevery shaky.Increasing pressure on farmers shook the foundations of the economy, and accelerated the fall of the government.On the other hand, the discontent of farmers, lead to the decline of government.
This study is a historical research, and was conducted with a comparative analysis approach.

gachsaran one of the largest oil fields in south-western Iran. The next area of Masjed Soleiman and Haftkel in 1307/1928 with the discovery of oil in the country's third largest oil field. Start commercial exploitation of the oil field in 1319/1940, and links to the oil industry, the region turned to the oil town. The study and explain the impact of economic and social development of the gachsaran procedure is the oil industry. gachsaran looks with the development of the oil industry in the years 1335/1956 onwards, various changes in the social and economic dimensions in the region is created. This descriptive study and analysis of statistical data shows that oil discovery and the formation of clear impact on economic and social changes in gachsaran , such as the development of infrastructure, changing demographics, the rise of a new class, the transformation of living and immigration status have .With the development of the oil industry during this period of social change, economic results, the gachsaran one of the most important and influential cities in the northern Persian Gulf and the southern oil region has become.

The land reform program that began in the 40s, and passed three stages before the Islamic revolution, is something that its aspects could be surveyed from different scientific views. It changed traditional product way in respect to economy, it changed the power hierarchy of rural society and so provided migration of rurals to cities and emerging mass society (one of the important source of Islamic revolution) in respect to history, and emerging new stage in contemporary iran history. though the land program gained some successes but it didn’t reached the observed aims? In other words, why the above program didn’t gain its aims according to scheduled aims and programs? The hypothesis proposed is that the lost of social-cultural bases (or structure) and the lost of proper cooperation among agencies (like proprietors, peasants and king) caused that the land reform program not reaching its aims and encountered breakdown, in spite of many successes. This research by the method and theory of structure-agency (Structuration) has concluded that the flaw of interaction between structure level (the lost of social-cultural conditions) and agency level (the lost of cooperation among proprietors, peasants and king) induced that The land reform program to not reach its propitious aims.

Dar ul-Funun establishment in the1268 A-H/1851A-D was the official beginning of modernization of education and scientific exchanges with the West. On reaching the Amir Kabir as chancellor, he wanted to implement the ideas that was developed with that and subsequently sought to revolutionize public opinion, hence followed the Dar ul-Funun establishment by serving the western teachers. In this way in a short time after the death of Amir Kabir and employment of western teachers and students who returned from Europe, massive levels from Western teachings was imported in the society of Iran in the era of Naseri, so that art was not an exception. So Impact of westernized teachings of the Dar ul-Funun on Music and painting in this age is posed as the central question. The present study aims to investigate amount and role of Dar ul-Funun teachers in the process of westernization in the era of Naseri (1264-1313 A-H/1847-1895A-D) in the field of music and painting and study, scrutinize and analyze that by the descriptive-analytical method and based on new research.