نشریه تاریخ اسلام و ایران
سال بیست و هفتم شماره 36 (زمستان 1396)

This article deals with the concept of new middle class and its expansion and function in the years between (1963 -1978). The hypothesis of this study is that, this class in parallel to its growing couldn’t achieve a notable place in socio-political cooperation and then became anti-government, contrary to the goals of former government. In this case various point of views about the concept of middle class and new middle class rendered and historical process of its expansion in the mentioned time has been expressed.
The method of this study is descriptive-analytical, by using different graphs intends to clarify the issue. This article attempts for the sake of clarifying the historical changes of the mentioned time makes use of current concepts and issues in sociology related to social classes. The sources of this research include the historical studies, sociological researches as well as some economic sources, so this article has an interdisciplinary content and seeks to depict a historical horizon for better understanding the above issues.

The recognition of Ignorance and its sociological attachments regarding its close proximity to Early Islamic Community is very important. Moreover the essence and the features of Ignorance indicate not only be considered to the pre-Islamic period but also on the contrary to Islam and any fundamental transition, one of the initial steps studying the ratio of a society to the Ignorance is, the perception of its meanings, concepts and subjects. Among the existing in this arena, beside the Holy Qur’an and The Hadiths of Prophet (PBUH), the sermons of Ali (PBUH) is of considerable importance. Applying descriptive approach by using the grounded theory method, through the constancy between the inductive reasoning (creating concepts, subjects and the relations in between) and deductive reasoning (examining the concepts, subjects and the relations in between). This research intends to find the dominant criteria in evaluating the ratio of society to Ignorance in Nahdj al-Balagha and renders the term “irrational-faith” as the major concept in this arena.

Although the Parthian ruled over almost five hundred years, there are insignificant evidences of the women of this era and the women pf royal family whom usually are in the highest social rank of the country aren’t exceptional of this very fact. By studying a few Roman and Greek sources and examining works such as coins, reliefs, Babylonian tablets and the parchments of Avroman, useful information about the princesses and ladies of royal family can be achieved. The purpose of this paper is to study the place of the women of royal family, identifying the noted ones and the assertion of their power and authority in the court. As a result of searching the written sources and archeological evidences such as coins, Babylonian cuneiforms tablets and Avroman parchments, a number of Queens, Queen mothers and court ladies of the local kings have been recognized. These documents approve of the political importance of some women, the power of others like Rino, Anzaz, and Moza till regency. In this time women of royal family by marrying to Avroman statesmen, Suluki and Parthian authorities had been considered as a political medium to fulfill in the best interest of Parthian kings.

During Sassanid era by entering the Zoroastrian religion into force, we see rising to power of Zoroastrian priest arrangement hierarchy and emerging two powerful groups of Hirbads and Mubads. Approximately all researchers are in agreement about the background of Mubads in Sassanid era which were from the Median tribes of Magi but Hirbads origin hasn’t been recognized. The place of Hirbads, in most of sources had been mentioned in Persis Istakr and known related to the tribes of Anahita the goddess, but there is no evidence of Hirbads in pre-Sassanid era in this region and had been mentioned a group of priests who were the guardian of the Holy Fir(fire priest). Did Hirbads in Sassanid era descend from these priests of fire? In this article is attempted to prove the relation between Hirbads and those priests and on the basis of sources and evidences, the initial origin of Hirbads had been recognized. The previous indicates though the origin, the priest’s of fire in pre-Sassanid era and the Hirbads of Sassanid era is in Istakr, the primary origin was the north-eastern of expanded Iran and set off to their historical place.

Crime is a social phenomenon for a long existed in proportion to any time and generation, so it pre-existed as human community. In general definition, crime or delinquency has been known an indecorous action against the determined forms of all the historical sections not specified to the particular society or culture. Since the importance of Naseri Era as a notable time in the history of Iran, analyzing crime as one of the phenomenon of this time would divulge numerous ambiguities in the connection to committing social crime. For this reason the present research attempts based on the historical documents and existing library sources with the statistical analysis of the crime of this time as well as portraying social conditions of Naseri Era and typology of social crimes with the analytical approach, determines the role of different factors in this social i9ssue especially the binary effect of the government. Based on the existing findings among different types of social crimes, specified to murder with the highest percentage of 58.7 and taking opium with the lowest percentage of 0.2. Although the Naseri government as a major enforcement force encountering the criminals, in many cases paved the way for the crime and intensified them.

Badr al-Din Ibn Jamaeh (639-733A.H) was Qazi al-Qozzat (the Islamic title for the judge of judiciary) in Damascus and Cairo, living the time when the Mongol invaded the Islamic lands and overthrew the Abbasid’s caliphate in Baghdad. This event created a great deal of concern among the Muslim scholars and jurisprudents. It was for the first time that the large part of Islamic land came under the non-Muslim domination. Under the circumstances, it was only natural that the supporters of caliphate institution, considering the religious thought take account of the theory of political system in Islam in order to find out the religious justification for the new political situations. The Sunni thinkers supporting the caliphate institution, tried for justifying the religious and theoretical of the political system of current condition. The present research attempts to clarify the political theories and thoughts by Ibn-Jamaeh through the descriptive-analytical method. The current article shows that the political and social changes of the era in which Ibn Jamaeh lived, were the motivations leading him to render his political views and despite the fact that the institution of Islamic caliphate literally vanished away, took the issue of Islamic caliphate into his consideration and presented his ideas and thoughts about it.

According to the traditions, beliefs and religious instructions women have had a different place in the political scene of Islamic World. Despite the widespread jurisprudential and religious arguments in this arena, The Abbasid Era is being considered as a turning point in women’s political life. In this period Haram (the separate part of traditional Muslim house where the women lived in the past and the special residency of women in the court) was one of the power’s centers and as an influential factor in political transitions and courtier rivalries. Haram’s women, abusing their position in caliphate institution and influence over the caliph and his family, commanders and agents of the court competed with other power’s elements and interfered in political affairs such as governmental decisions, the dismissal and the installation, courtier conspiracies,…. in which usually emerged in two structures.
A performance in which was in conformity with the public expectation of their political role.
A performance in which wasn’t in conformity with this expectation.
This research using the quantitative approach compares both expected and unexpected political functions of women in The Abbasid administration. The result of this research shows the portion of unexpected political activity of women is more than expected one.