نشریه تاریخ اسلام و ایران
سال بیست و ششم شماره 32 (زمستان 1395)

In the early states, most important aspect of royal legitimacy was the sanctity of kingship which made of king, a mediator between Heaven and the Earth. Such sanctity had been acquired in two ways: In the first type, kings were considered manifestation of the gods or their descendants or even in some cases were worshiped as one of them (divine kingship). In the second type, even though they did not claim divine status, but considered themselves chosen by gods and their representatives on the Earth (sacral kingship). It seems that in the early state formation in Elam in the middle of third millennium B.C., a type of sacral kingship has been practiced which is similar to its contemporary culture in the Mesopotamia. In the Elamite old period (late third millennium), under the influence of Mesopotamian royal ideology that has been spread by the dominance of Akkadian dynasty, some of Elamite kings tried to show themselves as enforcer of divine laws and chosen by gods in the manner of Akkadian kings. By the time of Simaški kings, again, there is evidence for the influence of Mesopotamian culture on the Elamite royal ideology as some of their rulers tried to establish a royal cult similar to their contemporary Mesopotamian equals, Ur III dynasty, which was not successful in both Elam and Mesopotamia. Eventually, it seems that royal titulary in middle and neo-Elamite inscriptions illustrates practice of sacral kingship in Elam.

The process of Rising to Power by Reza Khan based on Institutionalist Approach Ali Jafari , Morteza Dehghan Nezhad , Fereydoon Allah Yari Abstract Using historic-analytic approach and based on institutionalist theory (in which it focuses not only on the role and importance of institutions but also the effects of institutions and people on obtaining a special goal), this paper tries to analyze and explain how proces Reza Khan rose to power from 1920 to 1925 With the help of the most important institutions such as the army, Majles and political parties given the difficult circumstance political-economic Qajar using library resources and archives. Hence, this paper aims to answer the following questions: Firstly, how much had the inefficiencies of institutions and the situation in pre-Reza Khan Iran been important in his rising to power? Secondly, what had been the role and function of institutions in his rising to power? Keywords: Reza Khan, Majles, parties, army, institutionalism

During the Qajar Iran's southern ports and islands range Establishment merchants and multinational companies in the fields of export and import of Merchandise Iran and around the world are struggling to pay outstanding commercial areas in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. The purpose of this paper is to investigate this border during the Qajar era with an emphasis on statistics and the causes of regional development or lack of development is therefore the banks of the Persian Gulf, Oman Sea, despite many potential and Actually 'as a result of factors Multi-layer collapsed and related services, to the growth and development of domestic and social welfare according to its position in international interaction not new.Despite the widespread development of maritime trade in the Persian Gulf and Sea ofOman, the effect of an increase in social welfare and eradication of poverty in theislands and ports there.

Archaeological and historical information is limited about Medes in the Classical Greek literature.Due to inconsistencies in source concerning the median names and sequence of kings and rulers, That Herodotus remembers four King and Ctesias nine king that only the last kings match. So try to resolve the contradictions according to Neo-Assyrian texts. To achieve this goal, by using prosopography that mean literal 'name genealogies "and in fact, a study that included political- social, cultural, social institutions and genealogy. This method presents a multi-faceted study that is different based on the circumstances of each course. According to the literature related to the years 855-600 BC Neo-Assyrian, a new list of median kings and rulers are provided in accordance with the resources Neo-Assyrian that is named six rulers The first three king in relationship and compare with Dioces Herodotus, the forth king is compare and homogenize with Phraortes, the fifth king Umakistar with Cyaxares and Istumagu with AStyages. So Similar cases have been seen as contradictory.

Roads always had an important role in the formation of cities and flourished civilizations. Kermanshah city throughout the history has been considered due to importance of communication in the centuries before Islam with royal road passing, and Khorasan highway passing through it in the Islamic period. In the Qajar period, Khorasan highway considered as the road of Holy Shrines had important role in the development and prosperity of the city during this period. This issue implied the necessity of subject and considering that the importance of this road hasnt been investigated in the flourishing city of Kermanshah, therefore independent research is necessary in this field. The present research is the first attempt that aims is study the importance of the road of holy shrines in the prosperity of Kermanshah city. The results show that the road of holy shrines with multi-purpose functional such as trade (exports and imports), religious (holy shrines pilgrims and conveyance of the corpses), and communication had an important role in the development and prosperity of the city of Kermanshah in Qajar period. Due to the importance of aforementioned matters, Qajarian princes as ruler of the Kermanshah, provided necessary measures in order to the safety of pilgrims and merchants that set off to the holy shrines and Baghdad.

With the onset of serious struggle over constitutional and legitimate scholars, victims of religious leaders such as Sheikh Fadlallah Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani light, Frustration scholars and political measures such as collecting important papers that were written some constitutional scholars such as Mirza Le Nain, Clergymen political demands of religious Executive of the Second Amendment to the constitution including constitutional, secular technocrats dominate the pillars of power was derived from constitutional causes. The conditions were clergy in the passive position. Ayatollah Boroujerdi shortly after Ayatollah Haeri, regarded as one of the leading Clergymen were Shiites. Take the political life of Ayatollah Boroujerdi in a constant process not identified and codified them in the political thought of the show. He initially followed the general pattern that some scholars consider Safavid and Qajarperiod, and therefore less interference than the customary and scope of the monarchy And more religious issues in the field was, Intervened but after the West realistic approaches the reign of the Pahlavi regime and empty the function of that system of thought Clergymen Shiite Islam refuge from the king had expected, the Public Guardianship of the Jurists raised. The political thought Boroujerdi, contrary to what is known, apart from the actions and reactions to various political figures-not his ,And Glimmers of this he can be evaluated in relation to practical life. This article intends to analytical method and on the basis of written sources and interviews, the relationship between religion and state in the era of Ayatollah Boroujerdi's absence from the perspective of political thought are analyzed.

Darsi privilege cession in 1280 /1901, then oil discovery in Khouzestan oil regions and Abadan great refinery construction caused an increasing flow of laborers from in and out of Iran came there. Labor power, called laborers employed in England and Iran oil companies, deprived from so much initial rights wanted nothing except getting their lost rights, thought that making strike in their labor circumference was the only way. In this article ,labor strike in Khouzestan oil zones is analyzed in two axes: Backgrounds and reasons for labor strikes which most of them was in living and trade aspect than political and their purpose of strike was increasing in wages and rights, house preparing and having better welfare and hygienic equipments. In the second axis of labor strike procedure, five periods of time would be analyzed which its beginning was 1299 and its ending was simultaneous to the oil industry nationalization .