نشریه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی
پیاپی 59 (بهار 1396)

One of the uses of climate in the environmental planning is recognizing the bioclimatic potentials of different regions. In this research, bioclimatic condition inIslam Abade-Gharb City analyzed based on monthly scale climatic data and bioclimatic indices, Beaker, Terjung, Stress, Chilling and Olgay. The cooling and heating requirements in Islam Abade-Gharb city specified by using of daily temperature data and active growth degree days (GDD) method in different thermal thresholds. The results show that, the months of April, May, October and November have comfort bioclimatic and December, January February and March months due to chill stress and June, July, August and September due to heat stress are out of comfort zone. The results of Terjung, Olgay and Chilling indices are more consistent with the climate conditions of the region. Based on the threshold of 10 °C, the thermal potential of the study area from mid-June to end of September reaches to the highest level, In this time period, human bioclimatic is out of the comfort zone and cooling requirements are necessary for adjust of temperature. With respect to the location of this city in semi-cold climate, and the necessity of 207 cooling degree days and 2273 heating degree days, the needs for planning of climate design in order to reduction of energy consumption is necessary.The highest deviation from the optimal thermal conditions occurs from November to December, which necessitate the use of heating to adjust the temperature.The results of this study are important in terms of optimization of energy consumption and the management of heating and cooling systems in residential areas.

In this paper, we attempted to identify the synoptic patterns of Summer heavy rainfall in the southern coast of the Caspian Sea by using environment- to- circulation method. To attain this aim , by using statistics of daily Precipitation of 40 synoptic and climatology stations located in the region for periods of 20 years of 1991 to 2010 and by percentile method , 29 days have rain more than 15 mm which have occurred in at least 30 percents of region stations , were determined as days with heavy rain. By using factorial analysis and cluster analysis methods , 3 synoptic patterns were determined as agent of creating rain in 29 days that the first pattern 48.3 percent , second pattern , 30 percent and the third pattern have allocated 21.7 percent of days of heavy rain in the studied region. In order to synoptic analysis of these patterns , maps of sea level pressure , 500 hectopascal level , omega (atmosphere vertical motions) , vorticity and moisture flows of level of 850 hectopascal related to two days before rain was used until rain day and finally it is determined that the main cause of occurring heavy summer rainfall in southern coast of the Caspian Sea is the penetration high-pressure system and after that formation of cool and moist northern flows as well as incidence of vast convection in the region. Each three patterns emphasize on occurrence of this condition and their difference is the place of deployment of high-pressure system and consequently the number of rainy days and severity of rain in these days.

The geomorphological features and their existence on geomorphic sites are one of the main components of the geotourism. The focus of study in this branch of science is to determine the special tourism landforms and combining it with cultural heritages, historical and ecological tourism in order to achieve long lasting development in a region. Therefore geomorpho sites are defined as the geomorphological forms and processes to get the scenic, scientific, cultural, historical and social effects of these places. Varkaneh village because of its geological characteristics and the geomorphological features in architecture has a high and important potential in attracting tourist. Therefore, It's of vital importance to provide ways to evaluate scientific, cultural and economic values of this village. In this work it has been tried to evaluate the capability of geomorphological places of Varkaneh using Periera method and local researches. In this method, on the one hand the geomorphological values of the sites will be distinguished by combining both scientific and supplementary criteria and on the hand the management value will be achieved by combining protection and usage criteria. The final value of geomorphological sites will be determined by combining these two main values. The results determine the highest point of the geomorphological sector among the investigatedgeomorphosites belongs to stone house (7/62) and the highest point of the management sector (6/02) belongs to this site as well. It indicates theremarkable capability of under the study geomorphological places to attract tourists and to develop the tourism of the region. According to the achieved results, in order to prepare these geomorphic places for visitors and tourists its necessary to turn this place into touring productions. Above all, Turning into tourism attractions and places needs investment and preparation to obtain a sustainable development especially in rural communities.

Tabriz city asthe populous city in the northwest of Iranstarted the rapid spatial- physical expansion in past decades. Tabriz area in1335 to 1385 increased from 1770 to 25000 hectare. Lock of suitable policy in urban development controls and land management, caused that the Tabriz faced whit many challenges. One of these chalenges is the lock of public land use. So,in this paper, accessibility of urban public land uses in Tabriz is analysed. Methodology in this paper is practical and the surviving method based on descriptive – analytical method. In surviving and analyzing of public land uses, we used per capita and Taxonomy methods. For necessary surviving, statistical blocks information and urban land use map for Tabriz city are used. Results show that the public land use per capita is less than 8 meters, while in master plan of Tabriz; this per capita has proposed 16.71 meters.So, the availability of public land use has critical condition in Tabriz. Green space per capita in all of zones is faced with shortages and the reason of these shortages is the lock of suitable planning for urban expansion. This lock caused that the gardens and green spaces in the periphery of Tabriz are demolished.
For analyzing of urban public land use allocation in this paper, Numerical Taxonomy is used.The results of Numerical Taxonomy show that district of number one is the best degree (0.30) and district on nine is the worst degree (0.83) for accessibility to public land use.

Landslide is one of the natural hazards in mountainous regions that results in huge losses every year. Alashtar Doab watershed with mountainous terrains, uplands and different natural conditions has the potential for landslide. The purpose of this study is landslide hazard zoning using artificial neural network model in Alashtar Doab watershed. In order to preparing the map, first of all parameters of the landslide were extracted and then the layers were prepared and after that a landslide distribution map that was occurred in the basin was prepared and then by combining landslide influencing factors with landslide distribution map, the impact of each of these factors such as slope, aspect, lithology, rainfall, land use, distance from fault and stream in ArcGIS software were measured. In this research, artificial neural network model with error back propagation algorithm and sigmoid activation function was used. The final structure of the network consisted of eight neurons in the input layer, eleven neurons in the hidden layer and one neuron in the output layer. Network accuracy in the testing phase was calculated by 85.93 percentages. After optimization of the network structure, all area information was imported to the network. Based on landslide hazard zoning using artificial neural network model, 37.44, 45.7, 93.8, 49.32 and 76.6 percent of the area at risk is located in very low, low, medium, high and very high classes, respectively.

Considering the extreme vulnerability of rural houses, offering low-interest credits to villagers has been one of the most important strategies for retrofitting and ameliorating of housing status in the country, especially in the last decade. Therefore, the study of factors influencing villagers that tend to make use of this facility could be one of the most important issues that could be contributing to the implementation of this strategy. With this purpose in mind, present study aims to investigate the motives of villagers to make use of such credits and is based on the Field study in Mehrooye district, fariab city Kerman Province. Research method has been documentary - analytical and field data was collected by questionnaire and for data analysis SPSS software, is used. The reliability of the questionnaire by using of Cronbach's Alpha method obtained 0/73 the research population of the study is consisted of the Mehruie village’s households that have used credits between 2007-2013 years. Accordingly, the number of these households was 1078 and also, the sample population was 200 households that were analyzed by Cocran stratified sampling. The results show that there is a significant relationship between lack of civilian housing and use of credits. In addition, the social, economic and administrative – Executive factors have played a decisive role in creating trends toward receiving credits in rural housing, and a review of the components of the social, economic and administrative - Executive factors revealed that social factors are most important

Housing is greatest asset of family, especially in third world countries. Since each economic source brings power of social and political, possess of housing and housing ownership brings also the many benefits. This benefits when becomes notable that granted to a group of people who were deprived of this benefits and this group is same women who percent of housing ownership for their show very low rate than men. Because of the importance of this issue for women, in this study we examine the impact of housing ownership on the participation of urban women. This study in terms of nature is Descriptive-Analytical and in terms of target is an applied research. Research method is gauging and 300 persons have been selected by simple random sampling. The statistical method used is including Kendall correlation and path analysis. The results show that impact of housing ownership on the participation is more of its impact on their decision independence, also housing ownership has indirectly affects on women participation.

Tourism as the largest social movement, associated with cultural, economic and spatial consequences. Therefore, making the more efficient of the tourism development and promoting its positive consequences, it needs to understanding and putting especial attention to the empowerment. The aim of this research is the study of effective factors on empowerment of the tourism development in West Azerbaijan Province. This study naturally is "descriptive - analytic" and objectively is “applicable" and is in line with answering to this question: Is the empowerment of “local communities (of participation dimension), human resource (the decision makers and planners), and competitiveness of tourism destinations" components effective in empowering of tourism development in the West Azerbaijan province? The statistical populations studied in this research are cultural heritage, handicrafts and tourism experts in the West Azerbaijan province. Due to the expansion of research range and lack of detailed knowledge about the number of population studied, using cluster and randomized sampling method, totally, 100 subjects selected as sample. To analyze the data, descriptive statistical methods was used and to test of research hypothesis in the inferential statistic, the chi-square tests (chi-square) were used. The results showed that empowerment components of the local community, human resources (the decision makers and planners), and competitiveness of tourism destinations have significant relationship with the empowerment of tourism development and among them "empowerment of human resources (the decision makers and planners)" have the most impact on tourism development in West Azerbaijan province.

The purpose of this study is forecasting the moderat and severs frost of three stations in Kermanshah, Kangavar and Sarpolezahab using output of the LARS-WG downscale model in the next two decades. The Input data's of models used in this study are: precipitation, minimum temperature, maximum temperature and radiation in daily scale during the period 1992 - 2012. In the present study, using the output of two climate models, HADCM3 and BCM2 Under A1B Scenario, the initiation and end of the moderat and sever frost in these three periods 2030-2011, 2065-2046 and 2099-2080 have been evaluated. The results of the LARS-WG model process by the means of two Scheme Bcm2 and Hadcm3 indicate the warming of these stations in the coming years. The initiation of the moderat frost in these pointed stations is going to April by passing time. Between the stations in which are under study, Kangavar and Kermanshah stations have similar behavior but the Sarpolezahab station because of its tropic characteristic, showed a different behavior rather than the two stations in the coming years. The beginning of sever frost of these stations delayed with passing time and proceeds toward spring and in the other side, the end time of the last sever frost by passing time and getting close to the end of the anticipated period, is toward the beginning of winter and even at the Sarpole-zahab station until February. According to the results of the processing these models, the number of days with the moderat and sever frost in these stations will be dwindled in the coming years and the trend of temperature in these stations will be increased.

Nowadays ICT (Information and Communication Technology) as a new dominant paradigm of development has become the focus of all the aspects of development and progress by influencing the way of thinking and acting and changing life and work patterns and in fact it is considered as both the reason and the sign of development. Due to the growing benefits of adopting this technology in order to achieve economic, social and political goals and sustainable development, following appropriate strategies and approaches for using ICT in our country is a must. Due to the fundamental and key role of ICT in achieving sustainable development and knowing that digital divide between regions has overshadowed the spatial and geographical justice and has provoked the uneven and unbalanced development of the regions of the country, any plan or program in developing ICT in the country should be based on the studying and understanding the current situation of ICT in the regions of the country and should be used to remove or eliminate the digital divide.In this research the development of the provinces of the country in terms of ICT was examined and these provinces were rated and ranked. In order to do so, we made use of 40 indicators and unique soft wares and models like GIS, SPSS, TOPSIS, scattering coefficient, weight rating technique, linear scale-up method, Pearson coefficient and so on. The findings of the study indicated that the provinces of the country are not in a good situation in terms of ICT and Tehran province as the first rank in terms of ICT was semi-developed. There are imbalances and disparities to some extent among the provinces of the country in terms of ICT development or in other words digital divide in such a way that Tehran province as the first rank was 2.5 times more developed than the last rank (Northern- Khorasan) and in general the first rank provinces were nearly twice times more developed than the fifth rank provinces. Also, ICT development correlated with population and especially with urban percentage; meaning that generally speaking, the most facilities and usages of ICT are focused in the provinces with more population and urban percentage. At last in order to eliminate or remove digital divide and balancing long-term development, the provinces of the country were ranked for achieving ICT development.

Urban transportation is one of the most important issues in Iran metropolises, and despite the importance of this system in the metropolises of Iran, a strategic plan to guide the development of this system, are rare. Tabriz city as one of the country metropolis is no exception about problems caused by inefficient transportation system. And transportation in this city also needs a comprehensive and strategic plan. In terms of methodology, this research is descriptive - analytical and data collection done by library and field studies (interviews and questionnaires). In this process, validity of questionnaires is based on expert opinion and reliability was approved by using Cronbach's alpha. Then, using SWOT strengths and weaknesses and the opportunities and threats are analyzed, and the strategies that are Delphi and techniques outcome, have been prioritized using the ANP technique. The results of this research process indicate that the strategies in this planning are aggressive strategies based on the reinforcing the strengths and using the opportunities. Therefore, the strategies on aggressive approach using ANP model analyzed and their ultimate priority with the weight of each strategy has been set. The final result of ANP analysis shows that the highest score (0.395)is for the strategy SO1; (Taking advantage of the experience of the pilot projects that implemented in Tabriz and other metropolises in Iran, in the field of intelligent transportation systems in order to promote and develop intelligent transportation) and implementation of this strategy is the first priority.

Today, global warming effects on various aspects of the Earth are no secret to anyone. Because of this, the research ahead is done for the detection of global warming on minimum temperatures, monthly and periodic (hot and cold) as well. For this study, two groups of data, temperature data of 17 synoptic stations and corresponding amounts of data in global temperature anomalies were figured out over 60 years period of time (1951 to 2010). Goals, the Pearson correlation method for detecting relationships between data, linear and polynomial regression for trend analysis time series data , To illustrate the correlation between the spatial distribution of temperature data with global warming stations nationwide Geostatistical model Finally, non-parametric test for detecting significant temperature change Man - Kendall were used. Based on the results, apart from Khorramabad and urmia stations that have negative relation with global warming and Hamadan and Kerman stations that do not show any significant relationship with global warming, global warming is seen as a positive influence on the other stations. Caspian Bank stations than any other stations in the cold months of global warming have much more influence. Checking the changes of minimum temperature trend showed a significant change in several months. In the warm months the maximum temperature variability is seen in the southern stations of Ahwaz, Abadan, Bushehr and Shiraz. Results obtained from the survey period (hot and cold) minimum temperature, indicate a greater influence global temperature anomaly on the minimum temperatures are warm period of year. During the warm period, southern stations have had the highest influence on the station and during the cold period Caspian Bank stations have had the highest relationship with it. The changes were made based on both periods the obtained results are clarity significant.

Urban development caused by improper use of urban land and urban development has been sporadic. This issue cause approach formation as urban smart growth which aims giving regulate the development of cities. Accordingly in the present research to study how to develop physical in Fanouj city be discussed. In fact main objective of the research, growth determination strategies to prevent the "sprawl" of Fanouj and thus reduce economic costs due it is. The method of the present study, was a descriptive analytical based on a library study, documents and review of the field. in this context, data requirements regarding city development, distribution land use and increased costs economic development of the dispersed city, from authentic documents of the questionnaires were prepared and by the software Arc GIS and SPSS can be analyzed. The results of the review of the relationship between smart growth and reduce development costs, Based on t-test Showed that significant amount (Sig 0/000) with Less than the 0/01 is, can be safely 0/99 acknowledged that smart growth strategies on reduction of the cost of development Fanouj city will be effective. in case implementation smart growth strategies based on neighborhood conditions in Fanouj, costs economic and environmental destruction is reduced and causing increase environmental quality of life and citizens satisfaction his life environment will be.

To study the synoptic - thermodynamic characteristics of the cloud mechanism in Azerbaijan in 2009-2000 period using the average rainfall of 15 mm and inclusive precipitation, 13 days was chosen indicators. To evaluate the development of the synoptic systems, sea level pressure and high levels of 850 and 500 HP respectively. 850 and 700 hPa specific humidity of the review process of cloud formation and water vapor transmission to the regional case study was used. To review upward movement that causes the formation of convective clouds to grow vertically or thickness, the vertical component of wind velocity in the coordinate system pressure at the level of 500 HP, were used. The stable and unstable atmospheric conditions were analyzed based on the graph skeu-t Tabriz. Synoptic results showed that the samples case study, the formation mechanism of the regional systems that have passed careful, depend on many factors. As a result of the deepening trough in the middle level of the high latitudes near the poles towards the south of the Mediterranean, the Red Sea along the meridian pressure inverted trough extends towards the south of the Mediterranean Sea. The northern part of the trough to trough height of the middle level, a Low pressure systems form when cold air and moisture from the middle latitudes of the Southern latitudes. Warm weather and cold fronts associated with this system is that, by moving his hand from the East Azerbaijan passes are causing precipitation in the region. Thermodynamic results showed that the thickness of the cloud and precipitation intensity and positive relationship is nonlinear. That the amount and intensity of precipitation than the thickness of the cloud, other factors are involved. The results of thermodynamic parameters showed that the convective rise in spring and autumn with warm and cold fronts are causing heavy rainfall in the region.

Iran is located on the world’s Sun Belt; therefore the required energy of many parts of the country can be generated through photovoltaic systems. One of the most salient characteristic of renewable energy with regard to its conversion and usage is its dependency on geographical location as well as numerous contradicting factors. A suitable site for solar farm must fulfill a series of economic, conservational, climatic, geographic and demographic considerations simultaneously. This research uses multi-criteria decision making (MCDM), fuzzy principles and GIS tools to evaluate the optimized place of photovoltaic solar power plants in Iran. To achieve this objective, three approaches are considered, namely: TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution), Sugeno-type Fuzzy inference system and fuzzy TOPSIS. After obtaining experts’ opinions, site selection steps have been taken in two main steps: first, the deduction of impossible points (constrained); second, the calculation of location’s potential using raster analysis. The comparison of the above methods showed that Fuzzy TOPSISº from the perspective of continuity and involving elementsº had better performance. TOPSIS Method 14.71% and fuzzy TOPSIS 18.33% and Sugeno 20.52% of the total area are considered as suitable area for the construction of solar power plants. All three methods had similar results. The priority of country’s sections for locating solar farm locations are estimated as, Narimanshir, Nobandegan, Farajhiand, Bahmanpour, Shibkoh and Gavbandi through all methods with subtle variations.