نشریه جامعه شناسی اقتصادی و توسعه
سال پنجم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1395)

Increasing production of household waste has generated many challenges particularly in the developing countries. A basic strategy to reduce this problem is household waste separation at source but it has not been developed in Iran. Accordingly, the main purpose of this research is to study the relationship between responsibility and metal waste separation at source. The population is married women in Shiraz and Yasouj that 562 people were selected using random multistage sampling method. Research instrument to assess metal waste separation at source is a researcher-made questionnaire that has been validated using content validity and the reliability has been measured by means of kuder-Richardson coefficient. The research instrument for measuring the responsibility is Gough’s (1984) responsibility questionnaire. Based on the descriptive findings, rate of metal waste separation at source is at the average level among women in Shiraz and Yasouj. Furthermore, mean metal waste separations at source on a range of zero to six is 3.4 and mean responsibility on a range of zero to 42 is 26.4.Based on the analytical findings, responsibility has a positive significant relationship with metal waste separation at source and is able to explain 0.29 of the variance. The results also show that, among demographic variables there is only relationship between occupational situation and metal waste separation at source.

Development of each society needs some pre-requisites so that without them it seems impossible to get the developed and civil society. The formation of social contacts, both normal and informal ones, represents the people's efforts for the formation of civil society and putting the society on the path of development. Three outstanding thinkers of the Enlightenment, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Thomas Hobbes did assess the reasons for crossing from the nature state to civil society. They emphasized that reaching a civil society needs the people’s practical commitment to theses contacts. Social contract means having common ideas and beliefs in political, cultural and social areas and they can open the way for development of a society if they work in unconscious of society members. Social contract, which can be seen in various areas, includes a strong sense of citizenship, respect for the rights of others, nationalism, social capital in the form of social participation, membership in social networks and individual or group trust. Since development is one of the main issues in the social areas and it has been considered in Iran like the other societies, therefore attention to the role of social contracts in smoothing this process seems to be essential. This descriptive study assesses the views of main thinkers and the reasons of offering this theory. Findings of this study indicate that factors and prerequisite for the further development of the society is a practical commitment to the social contract in society.

An overview of women’s status in the world and comparing it with the men, it is clear that women in terms of facilities and their actively participation in development, are the most vulnerable sections of the population. Gender inequality restricts woman’s economic and political power while one of the most important indicators for measuring the progress and development of each country is the status of women in it. Gender discrimination can be in education, income, employment and access to managerial positions. Hence, the objective of this research is to study the impact of gender inequality in education and economic growth by using Johansen- Juselius method over the period of 1984 to 2013. The results indicate that, reducing gender disparities in education enhances economic growth. Therefore, given the importance of women’s role in economic growth and development, it is recommended that by adopting suitable policies to reduce the gender gap, countries take a major step forward in achieving economic growth.

One of the most important indicators for measuring the development is the women industry and their participation. Women as part of the human capital of the society, by their participation can have a decisive role in the development of the country. However, there were several barriers to women's economic participation that obstacles can be overcome by exact knowledge of these. Thus, this research aims to achieve economic barriers to the participation of women in the Tabriz metropolitan. Research Methodology was survey, and demographic economically active female population, according to the census of 1390 (437184), which was based on the model of the sample volume Cochrane 384 people is obtained. The results indicate that the barriers to women's economic participation of the community that the rating is calculated using RMS, for this index is 0.721. The index of economic, social and political impact that they are next in rank order are 0.645, 0.632 and 0.567. Among the variables studied, the most important barriers to economic participation of women, discrimination and differences in socialization of men and women in society, attitudes and attitude of the duties of women, the lack of capital and lack of women's participation in political institutions that the average is calculated using a one-sample t-test for each, respectively are 4.12, 4.21, 4.09 and 3.83.

From The late decades of the twentieth century, many critics in many parts of the world, especially in the Third World, challenged the idea of west development. One of the most important thinkers who are critical of the development programs, especially programs of international organizations, is Majid Rahnema Which once played an important role in the implementation of development programs around the world, and is now one of the most important thinkers as post development discourse. In this article, we try to use the library method and the reading of documents for explaining the most important part of his perspective about development. Majid Rahnema studies the development with especial way. For him, development is a dangerous gift. He sees the predeveloped communities as moral society that their people have countless virtues. However, gradually, glamor and promises of development projects in that communities and local people have penetrated the Economization and Misère.

This paper has investigated the role of state intervention in industrial development of Iran and Malaysia. There is a little time difference between Islamic Revolution of Iran and the independence of Malaysia, but the level of industrial development between them are very different. This paper explains differences based on state capabilities and the path of evolution of these capabilities and shows the effect of institutional legacy on policy capacity, implementation capacity and state capacity. Oil in Iran and the effect of colonization on Malaysia have had crucial effects on state capabilities. Comparative-historical analysis with institutional approach, using historical narrative and through applying path-dependency analysis has been used to collect and analyzing data. The main focus of the article is on developments in 1980 decade, but all period of attempting for industrialization in both countries has been observed. This period in Malaysia starts with independence in 1958, and in Iran backs to 1940s. This paper emphasizes on mechanisms of successful intervention of state in industrialization and their interaction with quality of government and social contexts.