نشریه تاریخ نامه ایران بعد از اسلام
پیاپی 1 (پاییز و زمستان 1389)

Persian Gulf and Oman Sea, having some special political and natural features such as being located at the heart of the Middle East, having rich energy and capital resources, being connected to the variety of lands and waters, neighboring Caucasian and Mesopotamian area and the Green Crescent, long coastal lines, enough depth of water and its expansion towards land, and finally having different ports and islands, have enjoyed great importance in defense and attack strategies. Such a significant position has been existing from ancient times for Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. However, from the 19th and 20th c. the aforementioned significant position has been reemphasized by the geopolitical scholars of the world. Accordingly, the higher strategic position of Persian Gulf and Oman Sea while having an impact on other regional and non regional developments, will be maintained.

The history of Iran during Qajar period has a precise importance among historians due to historical resources in various branches such as communal and classified history, and also voyage correspondence. With this aspect, a new vision to the local histories could be opened toward novel views in the area of Iran’s history.Semanan has been acknowledged as one of the ancient cities in the history of Iran. It seems that being located in the path of the most important trade ad pilgrimage routes, and its closeness to the Qajar’s capital city, could be considerably important in Semnan’s development.In spite of the development of many districts in Semnan, random information indicates that the population of Semnan in the mentioned period had been decelerated.This survey tries to comprehend the reasons of this event and evaluates the most effective issures on stabilizing or reducing of Semnan’s population in the early Qajar era.

After the establishment of urban life in Iran and the stabilization of its structure; City Baazar also obtained a particular order and merchantile activities took place in the framework of guild organization. However; considering the essence of governments and political structure in Iran, guilds were not independent entities and their establishment and the continuity of their activities were linked to the goals of the government and heads of the guilds were appointed by governmental authorities; and as parts of governmental apparatus were of the service of the ruling class and easier administration of the city. Only in limited occasions, as the political situation required, guild likewise other urban associations, got the opportunity to organize themselves and make their organizations more effective. Ilkhanid Era is one of those limited occasions in which either out of necessity and self preservation or out of choice and in the direction of being more progressive, the organizational activity of merchants and craftsmen became more disciplined or its dimensions developed. The study of the grounds of this matter and the reasons for the progressivity are the activities of the grounds of guilds in this Era, and their position in the structure of urban life are objectives of this research

During the first half of the 19 the century Tabriz, in lieu of the geographical location, and economic / political privileges of the city, was considered as the center for Iran’s progress and modernization. The Iran-Russia wars and the resulting knowledge of disaster management by Tabriz Dar-e-Saltaneh (house of government) on one hand, and the placement of emissaries of European nations in this city, and the closer interaction of the city with the European culture and the neighboring Russia and Ottoman Empire on the other hand, had transformed Tabriz in to an entrance gate for modern science and technology and all kinds of European goods and products. Furthermore, the large human population and cheap labor force, the vast economical resources that were based on agriculture and livestock, and being located along the main land pathways between Iran and Europe, namely Tabriz-Trabzon and Tabriz-Tbilisi had made this city the center of gravity for Iran’s development.At the same time, the founders of Dar-e-Saltaneh were questioning the reasons for advancement of western world, and the causes behind cessation of their own nation. Sending Iranian students to European schools, construction of first foreign factories in Azerbaijan, importing the first printing machines, translation and publication of new books, and establishing a new educational system based on European schools in this city can be considered as representative of Dar-e-Saltaneh’s attempts for modernization and progress.

Khaje-Rashide-e-Din Hamadani, the great minister of Ilkhanid Mongol was one of the vigorous writers and historians during the historical background of Iran. Khaje-Rashid-e-Din works are significant in terms of his administrative responsibilities and his expertise in veriety of sciences such as medicine and agriculture. His best known work was ‘Jami al-Tawarikh’. His another valuable work but less known was ‘Assar va Ehiaa’ in agricultural science. That book had no only a great value in agricultural study but also in recognition of the historical and geographical situation of Ilkhanid Mongol era.This article attempts to explain the position of this book in history of agriculture as well as understanding the aspects of historical and geographic situation in Khaje-Rashid-e-Din period.

The port of Bushehr was the most prestigious commercial port on the northern coast of Persian Gulf in Qajar era and was considered as the south gate entrance for the western civilization. In consequence of cultural developments in the course of Naseri and Mozafari and along with the rapid growth of building new schools by the efforts of men like Mirza Hasan Roshdieh, a new school was also established in Bushehr by the attempts of Ahmad Khan Daryabeigy - Bushehr General Governor - and Saadat Brothers in 1899. Due to the cultural services and the role of teachers and students of this school on other schools opened later, it was known as “The mother of Iran’s southern schools”.This paper casts a glance to the shaping of this new institution and its cultural development from the beginning to the end of the first Pahlavi dynasty.

The followers of Zoroastrian religion in Iran after the position of Islam to the benefit of Muslims were to the Ghajarieh with so many problems. Limitations which Zoroastrians faced were not able to play a role in the affairs of the country, while the Persians; that is both religious Iranian Zoroastrians; in India could have a suitable place for their own destiny. In the light of especially the Persians in early 19th century under Britain’s auspices economic progress was made, and many of its positions were notorious. Persian economic power helped them and Iranian Zoroastrians. In practical action Persians association in the name of “The society for the Amelioration of Condition of Zoroastrians in Pershia” created the association representative called “Manekji limiji Houshang Hateria” sending to Iran to improve measures in the Iranian Zoroastrians. “Manekji Hateria” measures different aspects of the Iran’s political, social and cultural aspect in the study which is the subject of this article.

New Horizons in political, ideological, social, and cultural trends emerged in Iran with the appearance of Saljogian and collapse of gigantic palaces. Geographical development, establishing military schools, and the growth of literary cannons in Azerbaijan, Rey, Hamadan, Isfahan, Minor Asia. Furthermore, ministerial systems and technical prose writing are seen in this era. Highly skilled compositions and writing grandeur letters regarding style and special dispositions are taken into consideration for their cultural and historical precepts.Historians were indispensably cognizant of types, methods, and common ways of writing as unquestioning and original documents. Literary persons could not deny the survey of kinds of prose and artistic delicacy. As a result, this period was of great importance due to its ministerial writing and prosaic principles.This article aims to survey on different kinds of composition of letters in Farsi in Saljogi Period. The most salient parts concerning social, historical, and literary viewpoints are:-The survey on Toghra minister imbued with ministerial composition.-Introducing reputable teacher of the era.-Rules of writing letters.-Required instruments for writing.-Forms and types of writings.