نشریه علوم جغرافیایی
پیاپی 11-12 (پاییز و زمستان 1387)

In this research, first water calculation and requirement of cultivation model will be proposed as tables and GIS by using different methods of evaporation and perspiration for weather stations at Mashhad plain. In the studied plain, data of the synoptic station of Mashhad were used as target station and water calculation requirement were done. Considering the found correlations between this station and other parts of the network, the map of GIS evaporation and perspiration of all the plain also will be drawn.To specify the current situation, calculations were done on 1951 to 2000. Also, water requirement for the period of 2000 to 2050 were calculated with universal models of climate change. The results show that water requirement will have the increase of 22% and cultivated lands will have the decrease of 20% with the current sources.To confront with water crisis, two approaches of change of cultivation method and change of irrigation efficiency were given to calculation model. The results show that in climate change situation, cultivation model must be changed toward the products which need less water; so that the 18.5% water requirement would be decreased and also the duration of water consumption and progress stages would be adjusted in a way to reach the cocoverage of consumption to the minimum.Three scenarios of 40, 60, and 85% irrigation efficiency were given to the model with the change possibility of irrigation method in 30, 50, and 100% of the lands until 2050. The results show that if 50% of the lands had 60% efficiency and others have 40% efficiency, the cultivated lands would not change by climate change.

Ecotourism science or natural tourism is one of the most attractive and the most profit science dependent resources and the environment but Iran seriously has not paid to this case yet. Ecotourism is new tendency in tourism industry, and contains of landscape and nature beautiful views. W.T.O (World Tourism Organization), introduce ecotourism in this case: “A kind of tourism such a trip in natural places (without harm) with research aims and exploitation from views natural plant and wildlife with considering that cultural aspects in past and nowadays too”. To attach important to ecotourism role in environment in order to obtain sustainable development, is a vital affair. This case can feasible with cooperation of native operators and enjoying of tourism natural potentials: But then and challenges in this way that this writing pays to investigate the topic of Chehelmir recreational area of Dargaz. This region is one of the most important recreational centers of Dargaz town ship in the consideration of free time.

Today, climatic change which is an atmospheric-oceanic phenomenon in a long term and worldwide scale is one of the major challenges of man. This phenomenon is the result of factors such as solar, volcanic, atmospheric, oceanic, and greenhouse gases activities. These changes have also caused some changes in whether conditions, spatial and time distribution of rainfall, runoff, long term changes of temperature, aquifer feeding, moisture, cloudy, etc.Climatic changes occur both in the forms of short term fluctuations and long term changes. The remaining effects in the environment have proved such climatic changes inside which some fluctuations are seen as well. On this basis, in this paper the process of rainfall and temperature changes in Caspian area during 1960-2004 have been examined in Bandar Anzali, Ramsar and Babolsar Stations using Man- Kendal method.The surveys indicate that temperature factor had a positive and increasing trend during June and July and rain fall had a decreasing trend during January, February, July and August. The obtained results show that the percentage of changes in winter and summer is higher than in spring and autumn and 78% of the changes have occurred during 1980-2004 and that the beginning time of changes is different in the stations of the area.

Research case study housing in rural villages of Joanne (Sabzevar) and factors that are changing the structure of the housing.Factors affecting the transformation of rural settlements in order to discuss the importance of the role and function of housing in rural life and provide methods for the transformation has been carried out correctly.To achieve this purpose, the development of housing in rural settlements that have been used, it is more common.Experimental and statistical methods for hypothesis testing Kranbakh alpha, chi-square test and Spearman correlation coefficient was used and thereby economic development and government relations with the new architecture of rural housing has been investigated and analyzed.Research findings show that economic development and infrastructure development between urban and rural governments in their work and the effectiveness of rural housing is a transformation.

Nowaday, many city officials know essential to Review in Management methods in cities of country. Despite the long history of urbanization and traditional patterns of Iran, follow from patterns of centralized planning and management no has Possible Social capital involvement in urban governance that leading to ignoring programs beneficiaries and ultimately failure to plannings. In new attitude of urban planning emphasize on bottom-up approach and the empowerment of urban neighborhoods. This method deal with specific dimensions of neighborhood space-scale rather than macro attitude and subjective scales approach. With the transition from governcentric urban planning with general attitudes toward socialcentric planning can be hoped that using social capital for sustainable in the city moved. Social capital through the hegemony of public reason and wisdom that is in the form of horizontal communication networks makes it easy to achieve team goals. Indeed the face and problems solve That modern cities are involved with correct and optimal use of talent and ability of citizens in framework of relations network is achieveable. Region 12 of Tehran, located in the city's historic core and due to the long history terms of physical and social structure is different from the region1 of Tehran that In the process of expansion of Tehran due to the geographic location Receptive have a population with Superior economic and social base. The purpose of this research compared social capital in both Regions 1 and 12 of the city of Tehran. Research method is descriptive and analytical that the used from Fisher text and spss software. The research hypothesis states that social capital in Region 12 will indicates a higher level of Region 1. Although it is approved in the present research that the level of bounding social capital is higher in Region 1, the score obtained in bridging social capital factor is higher in Region 12.

Recognizing unstable regions or potential unstable slopes is the first step in managing earth activities with objects of smalling bionatural effects (socters and van wasten, 1996).Earth slip as one of most important geomorphic risks in north sloops of Binalood and studied domain that is from north slopes of Binalood (Zoshk- Sarasiab) is not excepted from this matter. In this research with object of determining effential factors in occurance of earth slips by using experintial model, Anbalagan, first prepared clear effort units, then, by determining wiegh of factors that are repersentative of level of informational role and domain operations, prepared the map of grading extent of risk of accurance of earthslip. Obtained results are representative of that 32.9% of region area placed in risky and intersly high risky extents, in aspect of accurance of earth slip.Recognizing and introducing these regions in aspect of slope movements. Can be important for domain's designers and managers, in local and regional levels.

One of the problems important that made her appear, the old urban fabric is inappropriate So with the increasing development of cities in order to increase the population of irregular And more attention to other tissues, including the urban middle and outer tissues. is less value in the central city.Old tissue Boroujerd four main and several neighborhood center is the center of the neighborhood.The tissue in the center of the geographic area of over 2578120 Boroujerd and has been divided into 9 districts.In this study it is tried on the importance of this tissue,Matched to the physical structure of a class share structure, share of new buildings, the buildings constructed with durable materials and robust method of analysis will be Maurice.Findings from the Research also shows that neighborhoods 7 and 5 and 9 conditions better than other neighborhoods have, then quarters 2 and 4 and 8 and a situation fairly well, enjoy the neighborhood's old city, including the Bazzar and the Mosque are the dire situation there.

Air temperature,is one of the main climatic elements, and the most important index in every geographic area.In the past few years,Mashad region,located in the north-East of iran, has experienced some meaningful variations was in air temperature values. Thus,the main purpose of this study is to extract all primary and secondary components of Mashad, air temperatures in Mahad, using afew simple graphical and mathematical techniques.Having these purposes, air temperature records(from 1951 to 2009) taking from mashad,Synoptic Station were analyzed.In the first step,four primary descriptive parameters such as: raw data,smoothed values,moving averages and fluctuating factors have been graphically displayed.In the second stage,four secondary descriptive such as: trend,cyclic.seasonal and irregular components were calculated and modeled.Finally,the Normalized Residual Mass Curve method was applied to enhance the current temperature changes.As a whole, the results showed indicators of some meaningful variations and fluctuations in all scales over the time addressed.

Kalat city due to bright ancient history, culture and art, variety of Geographical environment, varieties’ bio- environment and many ethnical and Tribal attractions, is one of the most important tourism and especially ecotourism regions in the north ast of Iran. Climatic characteristics, geographic and topographic conditions unique ecology, vegetation, wildlife and forest areas with specific morphological conditions in the city has become as one of the strongest areas of tourism and ecotourism. The aim of this paper is the study and introduce all the ecotourism capacities of erea It also tries to explain the importance of these capacities, and the need for onserving and investing on them. Method of this paper is combines the techniques of documentary research, field, descriptive and analytical. Using geographay information system, and all data collected from various sources, Was trying that geomorphologic powers of the city's as powers natural potential And ecotourism attractions to express them in the development of ecotourism. These results indicate that There are beautiful natural geomorphological phenomena like valleys and waterfalls, and beautiful forms of interference in the roughnesses of erosion can provide Background for development of ecotourism in the city, that These needs to support the planning authorities and local people's participation.

Informal settlement is result of rapid urbanization.such growth of settlements creates several problems is different dimension. in recent years Langrood city has been increased migration and development in rural areas adjacent to the phenomenon. The purpose this of research, is understanding the consequences of informal settlements in the Langrood city. The methodology in this research is surveying and sampling method is classified randomly. The statistical population of this research is composed of the informal inhabitants of the Langrood city who are in 11 points in the city. The population in 1385 was 26,886 people. From this amount, number of 318 person of the heads of households as a sample size were selected and questionnaire was completed. The results of testing the hypothesis recognized that because of low literacy level, main jobs of the residents are livelihood and seasonal and temporary with low income. In another hypothesis, analyzing the quality indicators of housing was found that the quality of housing in these settlements has adverse conditions. Finally, according to the findings of research and their analysis, consequences of informal settlements in various aspects of social, cultural, economic, physical, environmental and managerial were identified and due to problems created, a solution was presented.