نشریه علوم جغرافیایی
پیاپی 15-16 (پاییز و زمستان 1388)

Iran lies on earthquake belt of the world with an average of 7 Richter quakes every 5 years. Due to geomorphological position and laying on active faults, Tehran is prone to the high threat of earthquake. Urban regions with special conditions such as bad or poor housing state, unsuitable environmental conditions, loss of social services, lack of accessories and landscape and inappropriate routes are more vulnerable to the earthquake. Urban Vulnerability from one hand and the risk of earthquake due to special geomorphological condition in some regions of Tehran; on other hand, has led to the uniform planning by urban planners. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the relation ship between urban planning, rehabilitation planning and urban vulnerability reduction planning by using analytical hierarchy processing (AHP) and fussy logic methods. Our results revealed that sustainable urban planning in vulnerable districts necessitates rehabilitation planning such as improving the connection routes, multi-functional spaces and priorities in place of constructions to decline the effects of natural disasters and to give better aid in case of earth quakes and other natural accidents.

In examining the phenomenon of crime (regardless of whether who are offenders and what is the incentive or misdemeanor that is seen and what to do) is significant in some places and times in higher delinquency rates. In fact, when and where appropriate, offenders and stimulating motivation for the transition from thought to action is criminal. So this paper tends to evaluate, identify and describe the places where Contraband goods are used as Geographic Information System GIS has been done in the city of Marivan. The Method is analytical - descriptive study in order to identify spatial distribution patterns of Contraband goods crimes in the city center of test Mean Center, Standard Deviation Ellipse, Tests for clustering, Nearest Neighbor Index (NNI), kernel density estimation are used. Statistical research community is that all crimes, Contraband of goods within the one-year period have occurred in Marivan.The Results show spatial distribution of crime in the Contraband goods of Marivan and centralized cluster follows the pattern and geographical distribution of the mean center points of Contraband goods offenses occurred in the city of Marivan on the intersection between the contour Saadi Gate Rasht and Square Ark match this somewhat Average displacement of the center of the northwestern city of Marivan 's will. And most places focus on the Contraband goods neighborhood Darmanghah located in the southern part of Marivan, South East Region Division Islamabad and the southern border area Bisim matches. Furthermore, the main focus of several Sub Center of Ferdowsi Street in the vicinity of the traditional market Marivan St., Safa and northeastern part of town and the South East are under consideration.

Economics and geopolitics are two social sciences that have been considered to be important by many states. It seems that there is a relationship between economics and geopolitics. This study investigates the relationship between economics and geopolitics. It tries to see whether there are relationships among geopolitic's parameters (war, security, crisis, resource control) as independent variables and economic's parmeters (energy, foreign investment) as dependent variables. The methodology used in this study is descriptive- analytic, and for data collection, library studies, documents, and questionnaires were used. The results indicate that there is a relationship among geopolitic's parameters (war, security, crisis, resource control) and economic's parameters (energy, foreign investment) and also geopolitic's parameters influence economic's parameters.

Informal settlements are one of the issues which emerged after educational revolution with caused economic and social problems such as rapid urbanization and rural emigration in the most countries, especially in the third world. Since this issue formed and spread in the field of factors which are beyond the location, it has affected the environment which is beyond that location. So, the solution of the problem needs the policy of making and management not only in its local level, but also in national level. Based on the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran, providing appropriate shelter is one of the main responsibilities of the government towards Iranian citizens which make management of informal settlements more important. Descriptive – explanation method is used in this article to do the state policies and pathology. Data is collected by using the documentation of the libraries and some assessment tables. The goal of this study is to represent harmful policies used by governments and find the reasons of less satisfaction of those policies in arranging the informal settlements. Data analysis shows that arranging informal settlements will be successful if the national policies are taken in a way to eliminate imbalance of urban communities structure. Arranging policies with emphasis on enabling approach would be useful, too. Finally, the success of these policies depends on the primary and backup supports of the government and of urban management institutions.

Tourism Industry is one of the ways for getting revenue and increasing GNP in the countries in the world; it is important for officials. Razavi Khorasan province is faced with a large number of pilgrims, so because of Imam Reza holy shrine. This can be as a good potential for attracting tourists. Therefore the use of marketing and advertising manner is essential for attracting tourists and increasing revenue. Torghabe city has been studied as one of the visual places and also marketing and advertising manner surveyed from Tourists, point of view of the city.In this study it is used from “Analytical Hierarchy Process” (AHP) and the completion of 133 questionnaires among the tourists of Torghabe and 10 questionnaires among the expert of tourism organization in Rzavi Khorasan in 1389 and also this study examines variant methods of advertise ments to attract tourists to attractive areas of the province (case study: Torghabe city). The results display the advertising method view of tourists and officials respectively 1- advertising on T.V and satellite and playing programs for indentifying tourism attractions. 2-introducing attractive areas of the province through advertising billboards 3-introducing attractive areas at the entrance of city and the holy shrine of Imam Reza. 4-creating and introducting tours in the province by private sector supervision of the cultural Heritage and tourism oragnization.5-presenting tourist attractions in the text books in education. 6-Creating internet sites to introduce tourism attractions of the country.7-introducing tourist attractions of all provinces in various offices and organizations, which are of preference and significance.

Some existing patterns of urban development and human activity have led to the disorder environmental regulation and remnants of the human species and the sustainability of life on Earth have faced with serious threats.This study examines the relationship between mixed land use in urban and different dimensions of environmental, social and economic aspects in sustainable development. Many features in mix use in the city is related to the quality of life in cities like the availability of urban services and facilities, clean environment, pedestrian travel, the reduction of the cost of fossil fuels, elimination of the use of private vehicles, and public transportation that promote social interaction that can facilitate to attain city sustainable development. Metodology in this research is descriptive – analytical. In this Research the mixed uses for region 1 of Tehran is divided into three classes: the mixed center, mixed axises and mixed arena. Then it is discussed about the role of this land use for regional sustainable development. The Research results show that to achieve sustainable development In terms of social, economic and environmental dimensionsWould be practical in the mixed use form.

Eshkavarat is located in the mountains of the east Glian. This area has many potentials in summer and winter Tourism that has not been used in economiy so far. Attention to this potentials and planning for this area could have most effecson the environment, additional economic factors, economic income and reduction of immigration in future. The research method of this paper is the cooling power index of Baiker method and Neural pressure index for monthly calendar of tourism. Data uses 3 stations (Haratber, Kakrud, Espeli) during 10 years (2000-2009).The result of the paper has shown that Eshkavarat area has a comfortable climate for tourism during the of May, June, July,|September and October for 154 days (summer tourism) of the year and for April, August, November until March for 211 days has comfortable climate for winter tourism. Attention to this potential could help add income, accompanying, preseruting environment and encourage immigration.

Housing one of the critical needs of rural communities is that in recent decades to prevent possible damage to its residents in rural settlements to provide credit repair and retrofitting housing practice has and the changes in villages in physical- spatial fields is - such as changes in physical texture village, changes in housing construction patterns, facilitating the movement of villagers etc. So the purpose of this study is showing the role of housing credits in physical development of rural settlements in the view of rural residents in Bahmaee County. The Method of this study in terms of goal is functional and descriptive - analytical, the field methods for collecting data and evidence taken and help upon the population size (766 households), households under questioning in sample size formula based on Cochrane is designated 233 household. The results show the greatest impact of housing credits on rural area in the development of rural physical texture has occurred, so that the relationship between the independent variable of housing credit and dependent variable of physical development pattern with correlation coefficient of 0.21 and significant of zero is proved in Regard with the research findings, strategies such as editor of construction standards appropriate to the climate and culture of each region, due to different levels of financial capability to repay loans in rural areas, reduction in bank interest received by banks from the village is recommended.

Tourism is the most extensive unit and will surely develop faster than the past and present times. As the secondary element of the tourism section, the inhabitancy equipments play an important part of the civic tourism studies, which the target place's tourism attractions are the most major point that attract tourists. In this study, we tend to analyze the role of decreasing inhabitancy costs, the appropriate access and the advertisement in the tourist's tendency to use the inhabitancy units of Sari. The statistical society of this research is all the tourists who had used the inhabitancy units of Sari in Esfand of 1390 and Norouz of 1391, which 384 samples of them been directly asked to use simple random sampling method employing Kocran's formula. After obtaining square data through the questionaire, the relationship between the analytical variables was analyzed through the descriptive (the frequency table, chart…) and illative (the k-square non-parametric tests and correlation coefficient) in the format of spss software. The calculation of the k-square amounts has shown that reducing different costs related to the inhabitancy units will affect the tourist's staying and tendency to use them, so that 98.5 % of the responders evaluated the role of reducing inhabitancy costs as medium or very much. Also, the analysis accomplished through the correlation coefficient test shows that there is a significant relationship at the level of 1 % and at the significance level of p=0.000 between the defined variables in many cases of the advertisement and the appropriate role in the tourist staying.

Historically, the human-made structures in Iranian Plateau were made by the side of rivers; and wherever the access to rivers were limited, people had used their own intelligence and technologies to reach underground waters. They had excavated Qanats, wells, and man-made springs to bring water upon the ground. All these attempts have been the base of human settlements in the region. The importance of access to water has been so great in forming the agriculture and all its economic consequences that some views have developed around the role of the access to water in creating social, economic and even political systems.Badrood district in Natanz town, which is located in Esfahan province, is at the very edge of Kavir desert (the central desert of Iran). Badrood is a typical arid and semi- arid climate in the country. The old source of water for agriculture has been provided by surface water (Badroodriver) and Qanats. There were 17 Qanats in Badrood which are now only 5 with much less water. The amount of water was measured by two traditional ways “Anda” and “Sareh”. This study has used qualitative and quantitative methods and also interviewed old and experienced owner of Qanats. All the features and changes in old sources of water in Badrood have also been carefully analyzed.