نشریه علوم جغرافیایی
پیاپی 3 (پاییز 1385)

Rural tourism is one of the most important subjects in Iran’s rural economy and has created economic growth, various activities, employment and a good source of income for the inhabitants of rural areas. Rural tourism has attracted excess labor force from other economic sectors, especially agriculture. It provides the opportunity of multidimensional development in rural areas. Unfortunately, this section hasn’t found its proper level in the structure of Iran’s rural economy. For example, there are some weaknesses concerns to the cultural aspects. Rural society hasn’t the appropriate capacity to accept tourists. The lack of awareness about its positive economic effects in one hand and weaknesses in managing skills in the other hand, have caused inappropriate use of the rural tourism sites. There is not a comprehensive plan for evaluating economic and environmental capabilities in Iran’s rural areas, therefore planners can not plan any project about rural tourism. A descriptive –analytical way has been used in this research and the information has been gathered by studying in the libraries, searching in the internet and doing field works. According to the results, by doing correct managerial ways, rural tourism can be a good source of income and employment for villagers and the rate of demand for local restaurants, settlements, handcrafts, and other agricultural products will go up. Rural tourism can prevent rural emigration to the urban areas by producing part time and seasonal jobs.

There were new towns in all the historic periods, but after industrial revolution and under their new concept, they have made in order to promote the man’s life status. Creating more suitable spaces, with concerning issues about sustainability, was one of the main goals of establishing new towns near larger cities. These spaces could avoid problems associated with larger cities and provide more livable environment. This research is going to study the concept of historic trends of emerging new towns as well as the global experience in this regard. Then, evaluate forecasted achievements during 5 and 10 years plans. This research analysis the strengths and weaknesses of Pardis New Town’s master plan by using SWOT analytical method and descriptive statistics.

Iran is a land which is covered mostly by dry and semi-dry climate. One of the features of such a climate is the unbalanced local and temporal distribution of rain fall. The flood, its intensity, continuity, and expansion is one of the current problems in the majority of countries especially Iran. Our country with such a climate, one hand faces insufficiency, local and temporal unbalance, and the intensity of rain fall, and on the other, encounters destructive floods which cause different socio economic and environmental effects. To know these effects will be advantageous in planning careful programs to decrease these effects by the government. One of the subjects which most metropolitan cities are involved with is the damages caused by urban floods. Considering the features and the natural conditions dominating the cities and their increasing vulnerability from natural events, focusing on planning regarding the safety of these cities is of vital importance. The research type of this article is applied and its method is descriptive –analytical. The results reveal that the management to decrease the damages from floods should be performed at three stages of before, concurrent, and after the incident, so that the damages from the flood gets minimized.

Climate is the most important external effective factor in morphologic processes of earth’s surface. Since recent climate features cannot create many of today’s existing phenomena on the earth (glacier circus at Siyalan Mountain), we can ascribe these phenomena to the climate changes in the far past (quaternary). This study, follows prior ones based on field and document observation and tools, such as topographical maps (1:25000 and 1:50000), geological maps (1:100000), aerial photos (1:40000), for recognition of quaternary mountains glacial phenomena and their limit in the Siyalan Mountain’s northern slopes researches, displayed the in the recent climate of the studied area, water erosion process and destructing the stones by glacial and melting ice and in general mechanical activities (from 2000 to 4100m) and in the heights lower than 2000m, destructing and disjoining the stones by physicochemical and biochemical activities are seen more the impacts and the phenomena of these processes on the surface of mountain slopes, from dominant scene. In addition, at the 2500-4176m heights, is some evidence such as glacier circus, drifts, Verro, glacier valleys … based on glacier processes that indicate the climate in the past used to be colder and more humid in quaternary period.

The new models of development are on the base of local opportunity and spatial diversifications. So, identification of different potentials in geographical spaces is located in the core of attention of planners and decision makers. Tourist industry is one of the complicated economical activities that cause to receive the abundant receipt in world economies. Today, contrary to classic approaches, like the other activity sections, on the base of various tact’s, tourism activities are divided to different kinds, thus to developing the current potentials, attracting tourists and to earn receipts that issues from this activity, it is necessary to take the specialty approaches. In this research, using the hermeneutics methods, beside on investigating the situation both tourism activity and Iran in the world economy, identified the different kinds of tourism. The results of this research shows that on the base of the nature and purpose criterion there are about 10 basic kinds and more than 40 subspecies of tourism activity that recognizing them provide both contexts of tourism attraction (arrivals) and specialization of suitable tourism services to tourist.

Mashhad is a religious metropolis, concerning to this point, the rate of religious trends (the number of charities and the level of donations to the poor are high). The main theory of this research has been the positive role of those organizations in sprawling the marginalization around Mashhad. Two main regions in the north and north east of Mashhad have been chosen as case study areas. By using unequal cluster sampling, the questionnaries were filled. The analytical results by using SPSS software showed that there is not any significant relationsip between two main factors in this research, sprawling marginalization around Mashhad and the activities of charity organizations. The Chi square was 74% which is higher than 5%.

Geomorphic catastrophes, Which mistakenly in some sources have been mentioned as environmental or geomorphologic disasters, are more widespread in mountainous areas because of abundance of the interference of the environmental and anthropogenic factors. Bozhan basin, because of the high concentration of altitude, steep slopes, and high lithologic difference and especially anthropogenic factors has seen many small and vast landslides and also relatively fast mud floods. On example of such environmental dangers in this basin has been mud flood in 1988 which left many life and property damages. In this article which is an extract from a research proposal, using GIS, factors composing, and effective layers in the land slide and the flood danger, a location map for landslides through Anbalagan model has been developed. The results revealed that surface formulators, anthropogenic and the physiographic factors and slopes have been some of the most effective factors in landslides and mud floods in the afore mentioned basin.This article is an excerpt from a research proposal titled" locating geomorphologic calamities in Southern Binalood mountain sides emphasizing on land slide and flood" which has been done by the writer under the sponsorship of the research vice –presidency of Mashhad Islamic Azad University in 2007-2006.

Calamities, which have always been a part of the history of human life, can be divided into two categories: Natural and human. Some of these calamities which are embodied in the natural category are important but unexpected. Earthquake, hail, fog, storm, avalanche, landslide, etc. The occurrence of each can leave us with irreparable damages are only some examples. One of these calamities is fog which occurs especially every year in winter. This natural phenomenon which is observed mostly in mountainous areas or run ways is a main cause for many accidents on the national road transportation network. This also causes many flight cancellation or, worse in some cases, crash down. Khorassan Razavi as the fourth vastest province in the country which has one of the most intricate road networks sees irritant accidents on its roads. Some part of these accidents is caused by unfavorable atmospheric conditions such as fog which is more predominant specifically in winter. According the statistics released by the traffic vice-presidency in Khorassan Razavi, approximately ٪40 of the accidents occurring on the province roads in winter is a result of decreased vision field and the fog. Considering the importance of subject, an attempt has been made to investigate this phenomenon in the province. Some of the results are going to be presented as the present article. In this article, first, fog and the different types of it will be studied, and then using the geographic information system, an attempt will be made to locate it in Khorassan Razavi province; and at last existing different ways of dealing with such phenomenon and the most suitable methods of its modification will be introduced.