نشریه علوم جغرافیایی
پیاپی 4 (زمستان 1385)

Laheejan – Chaboksar mountainous areas are located in Eest of Gilan and its hydroclimatological factors obtained with analyzing of hydrological and climatological data for this research. The aim of this paper is recognition and determination of hydrological cycle factors such as: precipitation, Run off, Infiltration, Evapotranspiration during in 1998-2006. The research method of this research has used from descriptive analytical, Correlation and regression method. The result of this paper has shown that this area with increase of elevation, precipitation is lower than evaporation and have deficit water and hydrological cycle factors. These pharameter in during times has been for runoff (24 percent), infiltration (18%), evapotranspiration (51/9%) interception (61/1%) and must be addition, this area have sustainable condition for this phenomena, that it is drought.

After victory of Islamic Revolution of Iran, the Political field prepared for more social, active Participation. That has been the most important national presidential election is one of the political participation cases supporting in local, regional and international levels. The people and government have interaction. The presidential election is one the people's effect on government and sovereignty, investigation about the kind of participation and political trends and social directional activities and geographical distribution of electoral patterns is very important and outstanding. Based on this paper, there is an attempt to recognize the characteristics of 9 presidential elections focusing ninth period in Northern Khorasan province. The different parties and different candidates with different Political attitudes made special electoral campaign and competition that attracted different participations. Knowing about these political activities and their processes may be useful for polical analysis.

Rural tourism as a basic rural economics has a very important role in sustainable rural development. We should pay more attention to rural tourism because of economic stagnation in rural areas, low per capita income, high unemployment in rural regions and high rural emigration and consequently rural abandon. Methodology of this article is descriptive analytic and data gathering is based on documentay approach. The research result shows rural tourism leads to sustainable rural development by providing job opportunities, income increasing, diversify of economic activities upgrading of social awareness and natural environment protection and preservation.

Tourism is a recreation journey. In the Last years include all journeys, that person out by of environment or hesitancy. Nowadays, Tourism is a very important industry in the worldwide, and depend on major part of national economy is countries. The aim of this paper is the recognition andanalysis of impacts and sequences of tourism. This paper study Tourism economic, social – cultural, and environmental dimensions of tourism. Conclusion of the study indicate that tourism industry need for physical and nonphysical planning at the same time. Therefore, interactive between planning, management and tourism almost have positive effect on the tourism of it. And as a Development factor, can balance Land use System at the country.

Tourism has found more importance as a growing industry and kind of activity today. This industry is developing with high rate growth and is accounted as a foreign money providing object, so many countries pay attention to tourism. The main aim of this paper is analyzing ecotourism in the lost heaven located in fars province focusing sustainable development. The methodology of this research is descriptive analytic and data gathering is based on field study. Statistical society in this paper is all of tourists for the lost heaven 51082 people in 2007 during 7 months. The sampling number is 382 people that were chosen by random method. So the required questionnair distributed among them. Swot model applied for analayzing the results based on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats and determining the suitable strategies for development of ecotourism in the lost heaven focusing on sustainable development. Based on this research the more attention to ecotourism is necessary in this region and by protection and preservation of natural environment we can obtain regional development in Marvedasht township in Fars Province.

The way of repelling waste water from settlements into the road networks of each census areas have unpleasant effects on the environment.Mashhadhas 33200 cubic meter sewage and waste water daily.Over 40% of this relates to business and settlements units. Sampling according to the population and settlements density index in census areas showed that most of the settlements send their waste water into the urban road networks. The highest level of this problem have been recorded inside two municipality regions: regions number 2 and 7. Although sewage wells and drainage systems exist in many regions of the city, the owners of the business and settlement properties send the waste waters into the public road. This makes serious environmental problems. The repellent smell of SH2 from canals, ugly street edges, harmful insects and spreading diseases are some of the environmental problems due to sending sewage to the streets. In this paper we wrote about the result of comparative studies among different regions of the city.

Atmospheric emergency is one of the environmental anomalously phenomenon which damages natural environment and human societies in different places of the world annually.Heavy snow precipitation is one the atmospheric hazards that occurs in cold seasons specially in middle latitudes. In this paper, heavy snow precipitation of Gillan province (2005 February) (Bahman, 1383 AH) has been studied from point of synoptic view. Based on investigation about dry and wet temperature daily parameters and dew point, this fact was distinguished that snow precipitation has happened when these temperatures were around zero degree centigrade or less. Moreover synoptic analysis showed that stabilization of "quasi- blocking" high pressure system in northeast of Caspian sea and west ward mord moving to eastern Europe and at the same time eastward moving of Scandinavian – east of Mediteranean hod and stabilization in north of Iran with oblique shape causes many rains in Caspian basin and then by weakening of couple quasi- blocking system and eastward moving causes penetration of "circumpolar vortex countor" to the region and entrance of cold air from high latitudes and of that area in Gillan province and ultimately causes heavy snow precipitation.

The aim of this research was to investigate about the relation between large scale climatic signals with rainfall of the Razavi Khorasan provinces. To achieve this goal, data of 38 rainfall stations were used and the RUN TEST was performed to find out if the rainfall data were randomly collected. In the second stage, mean local time series of rainfall was calculated in Arc GIS software. The climatic signals of the selected areas were calculatedusing the local mean seasonal rainfall over the period of April to June. JUMP (ver. 4) and SPSS (ver. 10.5) soft wares were used to perform pertaining calculations. Results showed strong relation between see surface temperature changes (SST) and see surface temperature difference (ΔSST) and 1000 mb level with the rainfall of the studied areas. It can be concluded said that meteorological signals may help us to predict the wet and dry years.