International Journal of Molecular and Clinical Microbiology
Volume:5 Issue: 1, Winter and Spring 2015

The genus Rhodococcus is gram positive bacterium which was classified into the family of Nocardiaceae. The organism can be isolates from different sources، with capability to degrade diverse types of pollutant. Nowadays، scientists reported a few secondary metabolites which are produced by Rhodococci. Hence، the present study tried to isolate Rhodococci from different soil samples with the capability to produce antimicrobial metabolites. For this purpose 360 soil samples were collected from different types of soil. Then the isolates were identified and characterized using APi Coryne kit. Afterward antibacterial activity of the suspected bacteria was evaluated using well diffusion agar method against test bacteria. Furthermore، the extracted metabolites were analysed using GC-MS. The results obtained from this study indicated that 4 out of 9 isolates were able to produce antimicrobial metabolites. The most effective isolates were R87 strain with the maximum inhibition zone of 35 mm and the least effective were R85 strain with zone of inhibition 20 mm against E. coli. The GC-Mass chromatogram showed different special peaks and the identified compounds were cyclopenthasiloxane، Azulene، 2-7 octadiene، docosane، cyclohexasiloxane، Bis (3،5،5 trimethyhexyl، Tetraedacane – 2 methyl، Cycloheptasiloxane and Heptadecanol. In general، isolation of native bacteria from environmental samples with antimicrobial property is an interesting aspect which could help us to ignore antibiotic resistant bacteria from our environment.

Salvia and Ballota genus of Lamiaceae have been used in traditional medicine. In this study, the antibacterial effects of extract of two Salvia and Ballota plants from Lamiaceae on the pathogenic gram-positive (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) have studied. For evaluating these effects, two methods, Disc diffusion and microbroth dilution have been used. In the each used two methods, extracts have demonstrated the maximum effect on the gram-positive bacteria and the minimum effect on the gram-negative bacteria. In the disc diffusion method, the largest inhibition zone of with 185 mm diameter has distinguished from the effect of Salvia extract with 200 mg/ml concentration against Staphylococcus ureus bacteria. Salvia extract with owning values MIC=2 mg/ml and MBC=4 mg/ml against Bacillus cereus, has displayed very good result. Due to the strong antibacterial effect of Salvia extract on Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus in this research, it is recommended that additional studies be done on it in the treatment of bacterial infections and food poisoning.

Indiscriminate and excessive uses of antibiotics may be lead promote the emergence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and side effects in patients. Therefore the researchers recently have focused on the use of natural resources، especially medicinal plants. Ruta graveolens is a kind of medical plants which contains antifungal and antibacterial components and use in traditional medicine in Iran and other nations. The main goal of this research was investigation of antimicrobial effects of aquatic and alcoholic extracts of this plant on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and four Candida albicans selected. For this aim antibacterial and antifungal activities of Ruta graveolens extracts on Staphylococcus aureus (PTCC 1431)، Bacillus subtilis (PTCC 1720)، Escherichia coli (PTCC 1763) and Pseudomonas aeroginosa (PTCC 1599) and four Candida albicans isolated form Denture stomatitis were evaluated by measurement of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal and fungacidal concentration (MBC، MFC)، disc diffusion and well diffusion methods. The results indicated that aquatic، methanolic and ethanolic extracts with different MIC and MBC have been effective on growth selected bacteria and Candida albicans.

Different species of Streptomyces are common in most types of soil. Some certain species are plant pathogenic especially on potato. This study was conducted to evaluate genetic diversity among some local Streptomyces spp. strains isolated from soil and infected tubers in potato farms in northwest of Iran. Repetitive DNA elements (BOX، ERIC and REP) as genetic markers were used for diversity studies and distance matrix was performed by UPGMA method. The cluster analysis showed 8، 5 and 7 distinct clusters with 85% similarity levels in ERIC، BOX and rep markers، respectively. Genetic clusters were moderately geographical region-depended but no significant correlations were found between clusters and other characteristics such as strains virulence or potato cultivars. Also، a dendogram was constructed from combined results of all three markers which showed four distinct groups at 80% similarity level. A close correlation was observed between strains virulence and these genetic groups. DNA sequencing followed by morphologic assay were used for detection of distinct species. The results demonstrated the existence of a considerable genetic diversity among collected plant pathogenic Streptomyces strains in the region. Also، the results suggest that combined results from all three ERIC، BOX and REP markers could be more useful and reliable than from each individual marker.

The human oral cavity includes different bacterial community. Advantage and disadvantage of these bacteria depend on their ability to adhere to the tooth surfaces. Some microbiota could cause oral disease، however، some of them inhibit formation of biofilm on teeth and therefore prevent dental caries. The present study was undertaken to investigate on the DMFT index (D: decay، M: missing، F: filling، T: teeth) and the occurrence of different species of Lactobacillus، as the most important oral microbiota. Ninety swab samples were collected from saliva and teeth of the patients and subjected to microbiological analysis. Along with phenotypic and genotypic identifications of the isolates، the DMFT index of each patient was measured to determine the oral conditions. To continue the study the antibacterial effect of five commercial toothpastes was evaluated on the isolates. The results obtained indicated that the frequency of occurrence of L. plantarum، L. rhamnosus and L. mali was high in the patients with a low DMFT score and L. otakiensis، L. diolivorans and L. kefiri was high in the patients with a high DMFT score. Althoughall isolates were susceptible to the commercial tooth pastes، L. plantarum and L. rhamnosus were relatively more sensitive. Based on the results، human oral health might be affected by the population of Lactobacillusspp. Furthermore، use of toothpastes without adequate information concerning to their antimicrobial effects might eliminate the population of beneficial oral microbiotaand hence increase the risk of oral diseases.

Urinary tract infection is one of the most common infections among women. The diseases is responsible for many visits to physicians and isolating of antibiotic resistance bacteria from infected women encouraging the scientist to isolates bacteria and evaluate the effect of herbal plants on the isolates. For this purpose 100 urine samples were collected from women who admitted in Iranpour hospital, Omideye. The samples were cultivated on Blood agar, MacConkey as well as Eosin methylene blue agar. Then they were identified using biochemical tests and verified using Api 20E. The WBC of the positive culture was analyzed and antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was checked. Then effect of 3 medicinal plants, including: Myrtus communis, Achillea millefolium and Citrullus colocynthis were evaluated on the islaets. Furthermore, phytochemical screening of the medicinal plants was evaluated and MIC for the best plant was checked. Finally, identification of phytochemical compounds was performed using HPLC. Out of all, 9 isolates were detected and all of them were belonging to Enterobactereacae family. Most of the isolates were resistant to cephalothin and the most effective drug was ciprofloxcacin. Among the water, ethanolic and acetonic extract the most effective were ethanol extract of Myrtus communis. The extracts showed different compound including: tannins, glycosides, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, quinone and phenoloic compounds with antibacterial capability. In addition presence of phenolic compound verified using HPLC.

Trichomoniasis is one of the most common urinary-genital tract disease. The causal agent of trichomoniasis is flagellate protozoan called Trichomonas vaginalis. Metronidazole and tinidazole are the drug of choice for treatment. Carcinogenic and embryo-teratogenic effects of the mentioned drugs and resistance to metronidazole has been reported. According to cytotoxic effects of medicinal herbs including Mentha longifolia and Pimpinella anisum on microbial organisms and their traditional use in sexually transmitted diseases the in vitro activity of the Mentha longifolia and Pimpinella anisum against a clinical strain of Trichomonas vaginalis was investigated. Concentrations of aqueous extract of Mentha longifolia leave (100-250 µg/ml) and Pimpinella anisum seed (100-500 µg/ml) were obtained. Trichomonas vaginalis isolated from patient with urogenital complications was cultivated in TYI-S-33 medium. After treatment of T. vaginalis (1x 106) with various concentrations of extracts، the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was calculated and data were analyzed by repeated measures using SPSS software. The MIC of Mentha longifolia at 24 and 48 h were 250 and 200 µg/ml، respectively. The percent of growth inhibition under various concentration of Pimpinella anisum showed only 73. 7% and 86. 9% at 500 µg/ml concentration after 24 and 48 hours، respectively. The present study demonstrate the higher anti-Trichomonas activity of Mentha longifolia in comparison to Pimpinella anisum. There is a clear need to isolate effective fragments of Mentha longifolia in future and expand the data for in vivo evaluation including cell culture.

Colonization of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) in nasopharynx causes respiratory tract disease. In 80% of clinical isolates، HMW proteins are the major adhesions and induce protective antibodies in the hosts. Therefore، it can be used as a vaccine candidate. The aim of this study is designing and cloning of the conserved regions of NTHi hmw1 core binding domain. In this study، the standard strain of NTHi (PTCC1766) was used and cultured on chocolate agar. Genomic DNA was extracted by commercial kit. Then، specific primers were designed for highly conserved regions and PCR product was purified. PCR product was inserted into the PTG19-T plasmid and the recombinant plasmids were transferred to Escherichia. coli (Top10). For screening the recombinant cells from others، they were cultured on LB agar which had ampicillin and tetracycline antibiotics. Recombinant cells were purified by a specific kit. The presence of conserved regions of NTHi hmw1 core binding domain was confirmed by colony-PCR، double digest and sequencing. In this study، having analyzed the result of sequencing by Mega6 software، we understood that the sequencing result was same as our target area (Conserved regions of hmw1 core binding domain)، indicating that the cloning process have been performed successfully. It is concluded that، due to the presence of high similarity among some regions of hmw1 core binding domain among NTHi PTCC1766 and other NTHi strains، core binding domain can be an appropriate candidate for subunit vaccines in case of inducing immune system response.

One of the superficial problems of public health is mycotic inflection that its incidence is not correctly known. The most important disease of them is dermatophytosis that comes through by dermatophytes as the major group of keratinophilic fungi. Honey is bee product that has been used as a medicine since ancient times in many cultures، and is still used in folk medicine. This study was designed for the purpose of investigation the antifungal potential of 5 honey samples against various dermatophyte strains from 3 genuses، Trichophyton، Microsporum and Epidemophyton by agar dilution technique and determination of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The results showed that honey sample JahanNama had the best antidermatophyte effect and Bandargaz had less effect among all 5 honey samples. Also Trichophyton strains had shown the most sensitivity in tests with honey. This study shows that honey samples in Golestan province have an antifungal activity against dermatophytes as superficial infective microorganisms، and their static actions are very logical. So that might confirm the medicinal uses of the studied honey samples for the treatment of coutaneus or other various diseases.

With using antibiotic in societies which usage of this kind of the drug without any limitation cause appear resistance against antibiotics. This survey consider to use the extract and essence of the cinnamon (which have a so many rate of planting in Iran) and also survey on extract on bacteria whose cause urinary tract infections، and compare this with common antibiotics. This study was experimental design. We have been isolate the E. coli،Klebsiella pneumoniae، Staphylococcus aureus، Staphylococcus epidermidis، Streptococcus agalactiae and Enterococcus faecalis from UTI and then determine of antibacterial effect of cinnamon against this bacteria with subculture and put the exact diagnosis on them. Antibacterial effects of the herb extract، nalidixic acid and Co-trimoxazol were evaluated by method of agar disc diffusion. Enterococcus faecalis، E. coli and Streptococcus agalactiae had 100% sensitivity in extract and essence. Staphylococcus epidermidis and MRSA had 80% sensitivity to extract and essence،and Klebsiella pneumonie had 90% sensitivity to extract and essence of cinnamon. After all، we totally conclude that essence and extract of cinnamon have a much more effectiveness on bacteria isolated from UTI.