نشریه معماری و شهرسازی آرمان شهر
پیاپی 18 (بهار 1396)

Transformable elements of all different types have become increasingly utilized in architecture in order to respond to varying building conditions. Adaptive strategies and geometries found in nature have inspired a need for buildings to respond to the changing environments in their immediate context. In today’s realm of environmental awareness, transformable architecture has the ability to respond to environmental conditions, and in turn increase the efficiency, occupant comfort and energy consumption of building systems. This paper discusses different movements, mechanisms and applicationsof transformable architecture, specifically foldable systems using pantographic elements. Case studies have been examined and evaluated in order to develop a final façade system with the ability to control the penetration of sunlight to a building under variable conditions. Sunlight can enable the passive heating of space, but may be detrimental and increase cooling loads and occupant discomfort through the summer months. In order to reduce the consumption of energy throughout the year, an occupant or computer controlled transformable façade system, like the one proposed, can be utilized. The proposed design seeks to emulate the adaptive nature of plants and animals when it comes to being light sensitive or light responsive. This shading system, when applied to buildings, will attempt to provide a solution which can help buildings become more transformable, and ultimately, more efficient. Despite of many transformable proposals, this four-panel shading system is to transform itself responsively and is able to function not only in fully open configuration but also in various stages of deployment. The proposed design not only provides occupants with natural lighting conditions or protection from solar glare, it optimizes solar heat gain through the heating season or mitigates it throughout the cooling season, satisfying both the energy efficiency and occupant comfort.

Most of the designer’s use of inspiration sources for problem solving and majority of them apply nature as inspiration sources, but these sources cannot restricted to only bio inspiration sources. Because of the complexity and multi-aspect features of design, they can use of different methods of overcoming this complexity. This paper introduces and develops a new method for architectural design that has been called “adaptation” which is rooted in literature and textual sources. This method focuses on text-inspired sources such as novels, poetry, plays, historical stories and so on which have been converted to design media. To gain an in-depth understanding of the applicability of adaptation, a case study (Martha’s Vineyard designed by Steven Holl) is discussed to reveal the process of inspiration in the form of adaptation. The adaptation method can be used to reshape other types of art media into new forms. The results show that the adaptation method is an innovative approach by which designers can reform remarkable and archetypical works into new presentations. It is believed that the other kinds of local-related arts and textual sources of a nation can serve as a platform for adaptation. Additionally, this method enables the designers to regenerate the valuable and up-to-date ideas in new forms. Also this method is a try to lead the designers for representing the various ideas with different outputs. Finally, in order to develop the adaptation as a design method, a conceptual model is provided for future study to establish a framework in the field and identify types of adaptation.

Nature and quality of “cities”, in general, and “Islamic cities”, in particular, in religious schools are the origin of some broad topics. Therefore, by resorting to religious texts on the one hand and a more comprehensive understanding of the fundamentals of historical cities on the other hand, we can define new horizons within the framework of Islamic-Iranian cities. Targeted development and future image of a city will be only possible if an understanding of the quality of the future city is clarified. Strategies are several ways to achieve goals and visions of a city, among which the best ones should be selected and taken as core strategies of the plan. to achieve goals and visions of a city, the designated strategies should be executed. In other words, it should be clearly specified in the plan of urban development strategy that which person or organization will conduct the project and with which kinds of resources. The aim of this study is to develop a strategic planning framework for the Islamic- Iranian cities. The present article is an inter-religious study; its strategy is interpretive. The method is based on the accuracy of the contents and tips of religious texts using the method of content analysis. Its strategic approach is based on heuristic approach. The results of this research include the development of Islamic values in Iranian cities through some theoretical bases; visions and missions of the study involve a statement on the values of Islamic- Iranian cities. Regarding to the value statement and the strategic planning process, the main and the consequential objectives of realization of the Islamic- Iranian cities are to be proposed.

As buildings are the biggest consumers of energy, reducing the total energy consumption in this area may have a significant role in preserving non-renewable resources. Appropriate use of daylight may decrease the need for electric lighting which may lead to reduced energy consumption and costs in lighting. Moreover, in the Iranian traditional architecture, there have been various passive strategies to take advantage of the renewable resources to provide thermal and visual comfort for users. Using daylight is one of these methods and strategies. The present study aims at analyzing the lighting condition of these buildings. Therefore, four buildings in Qazvin city, which belong to Qajar period (1785 7925 A.D.), were selected as the case studies. Then, the elected buildings were simulated as three dimensional models. Finally, the analysis of daylight factor and illuminance was conducted using Ecotect Analysis, Energy Plus and VELUX Daylight Visualizer Software. After the analysis of data obtained from the respective simulations and their comparison with the extant standards of lighting, it was found that the average daylight factor at all under-scrutiny rooms was acceptable; in addition, 76 percent of rooms required no artificial light during the daytime. The reason for appropriate lighting in these spaces is positioning alongside the sunlit side of the building as well as use of big windows. In addition, the analysis of illuminance shows that the distribution of light in interior spaces is even. Moreover, although much amount of light enters the space, the use of light color prevents contrast and daze while enhances visual comfort.

Each society provides the suitable context for the development and progress by means of researching; because research shows strength and weakness, desirability and undesirability, effective and ineffective factors and so on. Nowadays, the design and maintenance of green spaces in urban areas is one of the fundamental strategies which is adopted by city planners in order to provide human’s health by means of organized connection to nature. In a neighborhood full of multi-storey buildings, existence of public parks and green spaces provides the suitable solution to man’s relationship with nature, in this way the physical and mental health of man will be provided. Architects, landscape designers and urban planners have reached some conclusions about the nature of human’s thoughts and behaviors by studying speculative philosophy and behavioral science. On the other hand, architecture, landscape and urban design theories in recent years indicate that designers and people’s beliefs about the ideal environment are different. Many environments where have been considered appropriate by designers, had been boring and dead and without respect to human from users’ perspectives. Therefore, it is important to assess people’s opinions about the quality of environment. The research was based on qualitative method using the approach of casual-comparative to investigate the factors which effect on residents’ satisfaction in Shafagh Park. The sample size is consisted of 60 local residents who are frequent users of the park and most of them have lived near the park for many years. The influences of physical, natural, sociopsychological factors and utility service factor on satisfaction were asked of all respondents. Finally, the Likert scale was used to obtain residents’ satisfaction level. According to findings, physical factor, natural factor and socio-psychological factor have been effective in increasing the satisfaction level, but utility service factor has little impact on the satisfaction.

Selection of appropriate method and developing models and writing new rules for data analysis in an architectural project in order to achieve the design idea are some of the factors that influence the course of the design process. If the design is based on philosophical theories and phenomenological approach, perceptions and senses and at the same time, deals with the issue of conversion of phenomenon to matter, there will be a need for a process that is designed, new and responsive to the issues of the design. In this regard, the cognition and selection of method and selected techniques is done according to the new models, but on the basis of the documentation and basic information related to the principal theories. The design process will be based on several main parts and specific subgroups. The purpose of this study is to evaluate two main parts of the process and design approach. These two parts and the role of each in the design process with a phenomenology approach has been analyzed and reviewed. And finally, the operation of one of the strategic techniques in the design process with a phenomenology view called “mapping technique” is considered. As a result of this study, a model for the design process with phenomenology approach has been presented, the main basis of which is dealing directly with phenomena.

By the beginning of the third millennium, environment has become an issue of global importance. Changes arising from globalization has led to the formation of concerns that have inevitably been effective in the field of urban planning /design. New paradigms pertaining to urban policies have become pervasive all over the world, ignorant of the country’s local context. Lack of attention to contextual compliance underlying some of these paradigms have caused extremes in some cases that intensifies local-global dualities. This is especially evident in developing countries: there are occasionally some proposals to employ international architectural consulting services with innovative/ new approaches to design or plan for large cities with great local backgrounds. In these circumstances, the adaptability of international planning/design paradigms to local context is highlighted as a point of concern. In this research, firstly, ‘contextualism’ is reviewed as a theory underlying urban development. Secondly, three recent international urban development paradigms: New Urbanism, Urban Villages and Urban Renaissance and the adaptability of their proposed solutions to urban context will be analyzed. An analytical method for comparative research is used to describe the main ideas of research. In each section, with an overview of the most important related literature, a multi-step process and logical reasoning, the strategies of each paradigm are compared within a model (multiple dimensions of urban design). To compare the adaptability of strategies to the context, ‘contextualism’ conceptual framework has been utilized. It is concluded that each paradigm has more emphasis on a specific dimension of contextualism which traces back to specific economic, political, cultural circumstances from which that paradigm has been originated. Thus, when applying an international planning/design paradigm to a new environment, it will bring about practical changes only if it is calibrated to the local area’s context initially.

A northern open space (NOS) is built in some residential buildings to enhance daylight performance of indoor spaces which do not access to yard or other open spaces. Compliant with the urban standards of Iran, NOS must be partitioned from the adjoining yard by a tall wall. Economically, for increasing the usable residential area, the NOS width is often limited to the minimum of urban standards. A typical residential building located in the densely-built Mardavich area was selected as a case. This paper, using daylight simulation, calculates and compares the impact of two variables on the illuminance level of indoor spaces: the NOS width and the angle of NOS southern wall. For this end, the illuminance levels of the indoor space were measured and at different conditions: three widths of NOS (2, 3, and 4 m) with the vertical southern wall, minimum width of NOS (2 m) with four tilted southern walls (5, 10, 15, and 20 degree). The daylight simulation at winter solstice was conducted for estimating the minimum daylight level and the daylight simulation at summer solstice was conducted for predicting the potential glare. The results of this study show that tilting the southern wall of NOS (facing to indoor space), allocating a smaller area to the NOS, increases the total usable space area of residential buildings and improves its daylight performance; Based on these results, this paper recommends a novel strategy for architects to enhance the daylight performance of NOS by creating semi- funnel shape for NOS.

From the beginning of the urban history, the public realm has been the territory of the sociable people and has had diversity of form in different situations. The public urban space, which has a prominent historical background, is not exclusive for an extreme activity or specific form: but, it is the presence of the human being that not merely gives the meaning and identity to the urban spaces, but also provides some functional aspect for it. The communal rituals which play an important and crucial role in everyone’s social life, for the most part, happen in the public urban spaces which are regarded as people’s public territory. However, recently, the public spaces that were special for communal rituals are adversely affected by technology and numerous corollaries of modern life. Accordingly, the research is going to spell out the contemporary urban places bonded to communal rituals. In the first step of this research, some sundry types of contemporary public spaces and some diverse ritual activities are presented. The next step is about introducing some striking and telling rituals of world and their related urban spaces. The methodology used in the research is a combination of observational-descriptive method and qualitative content analysis. The most important resources of this research are existing documents which have written in term of the main topic or have published recently about it. Finally, taken as a whole, the most profound rituals of the worldwide are recognized based on contemporary urban spaces and analyzed according to urban framework factors affecting the mentioned rituals.

When a designer is dealing with organizing urban blocks in designation of districts in the projects of urban design (particularly ground preparation plans), there are numerous guidelines and patterns for the order of blocks from different views such as energy, efficiency, permeability, security, social interaction, etc. However, there is no guideline and pattern available to the designer regarding the order of blocks from the perspective of environmental perception. A designer, facing organization of the order of urban blocks, does not have access to required comments from the environmental perspective and has no idea about which kind of order is appropriate for the blocks from this perspective. According to the defined problem, the question arises that which type of order (simple or complex) is more appropriate in the process of designing a district and from the perspective of environmental perception. Has Mardavij district, with its simple order, acquired functionality from the perspective of environmental perception, or is this functionality more highlighted in Khaneh Esfahan district, with its complex order? To reach an answer for the research question, thorough examination has to be done so as to which one of the abovementioned districts has provided the required perceptions for a district. Therefore, this study is aimed at identification of proper order for the purpose of designing a district from the perspective of environmental perception of 2 districts, namely Khaneh Esfahan and Mardavij, by utilizing descriptive-analysis method, and with the help of using cognitive map drawing technique as well as interviewing inhabitants of both districts. The conclusion was reached that Khaneh Esfahan district, with its complex order, features concepts such as coziness, calm, and friendliness; and therefore, this complex order is more appropriate for a district from the perspective of environmental perception.

It is crucial to improve the quality of life in marginalized areas, which are the result of unequal urban and regional development and include many problems and shortcomings in terms of inhabitants’ satisfaction of life. This study is aiming to utilize the existing capacities and capabilities of the region and to improve the quality of life in the town using development stimulus projects through descriptive- analytic investigation of quality of life’s current indicators in Dizaj town of Hamedan. The statistical society of the study includes all the population of Dizaj town and according to Morgan table 351 of them were selected for the sample. It has used literature review for the theoretical framework and multivariate regression method to evaluate the quality of life in the neighborhood. In addition, Pearson correlation coefficient has been used to measure the correlation between quality of life factors by using Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS softwares. The results showed that the desirability status of the indicators in Dizaj town is in order of the quality of transport, physical, economic and social environment. Among indicators of the quality of life, the betterment of the social environment quality has the greatest necessity and share with the weight of 0.7. Other factors are effective in enriching the quality of life in the order of 0.5 (physical environment), 0.37 (transportation) and 0.35 (economic environment). As a result, the injection of the development stimulating projects with socio-cultural approach would be the most effective factor in improving the quality of neighborhood life in the area.

The serious environmental challenges that the human settlements are faced with, such as climate change, resource crisis, greenhouse gas emissions and water crisis are necessitated changing the perspectives and adopting the adaptive policies of guiding and controlling the human settlements towards responsiveness of the above challenges. Accordingly, the present research aims at investigating the effective aspects of urban form on environmental performances while focusing on urban openness as one of the important general factors of built form. The methodological framework of the research has been founded on the analytical-comparative studies of the impacts of urban form on the theoretical energy demands according to the specific morphological units in the general morphological context of the Isfahan. On this basis, five tissue types (morphological units) have been selected arising from urban morphological approaches and methods as the comparative and analytical basis of the study. The results and findings demonstrate that there is a strong and significant correlation between energy demands and urban openness in general while the two classes of measures in terms of levels of complexity are classified as the analytical basis of the research. Results demonstrate that geometrical and configurational aspects of urban form are in compliance with the climatic conditions in environmental performances studies. Finally, indicating the paradoxical behaviors of heating energy demands in cold seasons and cooling energy demands in hot seasons especially in the case of hot and arid climate conditions in relation with urban morphological characteristics (focusing on urban openness factor) has been considered as the most important achievement of this research.

Mega redevelopment projects based on partnership planning approach and mixed-use development are considered as solutions for distressed and blighted areas. Despite some public benefits of such projects, they usually result in many challenges including cost overrun, failure to meet the time schedule, social segregation, and social tensions or negative environmental impacts. Megaprojects as extensive physical interventions lead to a space reproduction for that neoliberalism request, through private investment, attraction of creative class and creation of a variety of economic activities. The projects mostly offer four general promises including economic prosperity, place promotion, social, environmental and infrastructure improvement. However, the projects are not always successful in realization of the promises. The mega redevelopment of Shohada Square in the City of Mashhad began in 2002 to solve the challenges of the partly distressed area. But it seems that after more than a decade, from the beginning of the project, the challenges of the distressed area have been increased in some aspects. This paper assesses the success of the great project of Shohada Square in dealing with the general promises of megaprojects. In this paper, after reviewing the related literature about megaprojects and the space reproduction resulting from megaprojects, different aspects of the Great Project of Shohada Square are analyzed through mixed method. Necessary information has been gathered through the city statistics, interview and field observations. Findings show that although the project has led to physical improvement, it produced a functionally distressed area and it was not successful in dealing with the general promises.

By the beginning of the third millennium, environment has become an issue of global importance. Changes arising from globalization has led to the formation of concerns that have inevitably been effective in the field of urban planning /design. New paradigms pertaining to urban policies have become pervasive all over the world, ignorant of the country’s local context. Lack of attention to contextual compliance underlying some of these paradigms have caused extremes in some cases that intensifies local-global dualities. This is especially evident in developing countries: there are occasionally some proposals to employ international architectural consulting services with innovative/new approaches to design or plan for large cities with great local backgrounds. In these circumstances, the adaptability of international planning/design paradigms to local context is highlighted as a point of concern. In this research, firstly, ‘contextualism’ is reviewed as a theory underlying urban development. Secondly, three recent international urban development paradigms: New Urbanism, Urban Villages and Urban Renaissance and the adaptability of their proposed solutions to urban context will be analyzed. An analytical method for comparative research is used to describe the main ideas of research. In each section, with an overview of the most important related literature, a multi-step process and logical reasoning, the strategies of each paradigm are compared within a model (multiple dimensions of urban design). To compare the adaptability of strategies to the context, ‘contextualism’ conceptual framework has been utilized. It is concluded that each paradigm has more emphasis on a specific dimension of contextualism which traces back to specific economic, political, cultural, etc. Circumstances from which that paradigm has been originated. Thus, when applying an international planning/design paradigm to a new environment, it will bring about practical changes only if it is calibrated to the local area’s context initially.