فصلنامه آمایش محیط
پیاپی 13 (تابستان 1390)

The parking as one of the most important city foundations play important role in decreasing traffic due to marginal park. Today in big cities, because of land and space limitation, with introduction of strata parking, optimized management applies to large capacity of transportation for increasing service. The main problem is the strata parking, which can have the necessary positive effect once it profits from residential – space optimized situation. Now, Tehran and its transportation network has basic problem of lacking parking in residential dimension. In other cases and in loading activities not attending to parking has caused this problem appear as a city hocus pocus. This problem appears in high density situations in city multiple-users spots especially in commercial- office area and leisure time spots. Tehran’s sixth zoon suffers a high zone-based traffic and inexistence of highway network in itself. It accept the crossing traffic of neighboring area and have high lack of parking space among Tehran zones. Furthermore, it lacks inexistence of optimized location of parking bays. Now, locating and formation of parking are done only with criterions like land’s low price and its availability. In this research due to lacking strata parking of the studied zone, firstly the primary studies and recognition of effective criterions were done for optimized site selection. Therefore, multiple criterions decision method (MCDM) has been used applying hierarchy analyzing way (AHP) and criterion scale. Later, TOPSIS model have been applied to rating suitable limitations. Finally, combining this model in geographical information system, three suitable limitations were suggested for strata parking.

Taking into account the semi-arid and Mediterranean ecosystem and sparseness of natural factors, the population balance and economic structures in khalkhal region play an important role in establishing and distributing the rural residences; and economic activities based on land exploitation, especially farming, animal husbandry, and natural resources availability specifically water, soil, and pasture have had determining roles. Social and administrative factors have influenced the population growth and stability in the region villages, and considering the regression analysis, the relationship between the influence of economic factors, there exists a kind of hierarchal relationship between the small and big villages and between big villages and agripolic and towns in the region in reaching better and higher level services. There were district of khalkhal to, at most, five levels in the other distribution and their feasibilities around the region are heterogeneous and incomplete. With regard to the feasibilities and the obstacles in the region, it seems that the abovementioned area can be activated as one of the province’s and country’s thriving residence centers through administering the necessary planning and investing, and eliminating the obstacles and exploiting the feasibilities and capacities in the region, therefore, one can assist the population protection and attraction in its rural and urban residences by reducing the irrational migration from the region and decreasing the natural population growth in the region. The pattern of offering services is recommended on the basis of geographical and spatial hierarchies, where the smallest geographical unit is considered to be the village (including very small, small, medium and large villages) and region is considered to be the largest geographical unit, and the rural subsystem, rural system and micro region are located in between the aforementioned geographical units.

Reasons such as lack of technical and engineering standards in building construction, inefficient communication networks, lack of urban facilities and equipment, urban eroded tissues and marginal urban settlements, as well as, non-standards in developing countries are more than the other tissues exposed to earthquake. Reducing the vulnerability of the city against earthquake is one of the main objectives of physical planning and urban planning. This paper has paid attention to Feyzabad district of Kermanshah city for Crisis Management with emphasis on earthquake as vulnerability evaluation indices such as type of material, oldness buildings, number of floors, user type, occupation level, quality of buildings, population density, street width and the area. Have been studied first, each indicator was individually and based on expert opinions weighed, and then these layers were weighed in the Idrisi software based on AHP method in binary comparison matrices. Finally, the weight of each indicator was defined and combined to obtain the final map of vulnerability layers. Output maps of vulnerability demonstrate that totally, 70.61% Feyzabad district are vulnerable based on indicators.

In recent decades, economy globalization process has affected the structure and socioeconomic and space organization of countries, tangibly. This process with integration of countries economies, has led to a new organization of urban areas, particularly metropolitans in global scale,which has close economic and social relations. In this article the relationships of globalization process with development of metropolitan areas,particularly its reflections in spatial-space planning and management of metropolitan areas, have been examined. The analytical – descriptive method relying on document study has been used. Results of theoretic and case studies of metropolitan areas show that, the recent structural changes in the global economy had *extensive reflects in the balance of structures and approaches of spatialspace management and planning in these areas, especially in some developing countries for organization of geographical space for playing the desired in the national and global scale. The results of examining spatial policies and programs of Tehran metropolitan area already show at least in the past two decades’ spatial policies and programs, the changes of globalization of economy in metropolitan areas and the use of potential capabilities of these areas have been noted. However, because of the governing of traditional structures of state management and planning, particularly this region has not had suitable reactions to requirements of economy globalization process and no ability to regional, national and promotion of national position.

Today, the increasing population of the world in urban areas and in developing countries, especially in metropolitan cities susceptible to earthquake, has necessitated having a wider look at the natural events and tragedies resulting from them. Tabriz is considered to be one of the most susceptible cities to earthquakes due to the existence of active faults. Meanwhile, Tabriz district 8 municipality, as a cultural and historical municipality, has historical valuable places with worn-out texture, heavy traffic, and large population making it of paramount importance to do research in the area of crisis management. In the present study, attempt is made to sort out endangered levels of the region in district 8 using the weight overlap indexical model in the GIS environment. The layers used in this model include distance from faults, construction quality, population growth, proximity to passages, proximity to open spaces, firefighting station, military places, gas station, and the topography of related area of study. The results obtained from the model indicate that only %13/94 percent of related area of study has optimal and a more optimal condition. %47/37 percent of the area was in normal condition in terms of vulnerability in critical time. %38/69 of the area was in undesirable to most undesirable situation which necessitates careful planning beforehand, during, and after the crisis on the part of authorities.

Historically, basin had been considered as a bed to shape great civilization. Today, with the increasing growth of cities population and the pollution, basin as a clean and clam environment is accepting large size of travelers who move from their home in order to pass their leisure time. Shafarood basin in the west of Guilan province enjoys plenty of ecotourism attraction. This basin, because of its short distance to Anzali-Astara road and wood and intact regions and green mountains, has always been interesting for local people and tourist from around the country. This study has been attempted with the aim of investigating and recognizing environmental capabilities and planning natural attraction in order to attract tourist in Shafa rood basin. The research method used is descriptive- analytic. The researcher had used field observation and library studies methods to collect information. The results from this research indicate that ecotourism and tourism attractions of Shafa rood had not been recognized properly. Furthermore, there had not been carried out a suitable planning in order to enjoy the plenty of tourism attraction of the area. In case the potentials of the area be wellrealized and authorities attempt planning operating these potentials, there might exist major improvements and economic prosperity for the area and neighboring regions.

Land-use planning is a branch of science which determines the optimal use of land based on the ecologic properties and socio-economic conditions. In most parts of the country, deciding on the land-use and its management has been done with no attention paid to the land’s capabilities which has led to wasting investments and environmental capacities. In this research, land-use management and preparing the land-use planning maps using the special abilities of GIS environments in Mahidasht basin -1380 kilometer squared- was conducted. Employing the existing functions in GIS, the mean sea level maps, the slope percent map, geographic aspects, soil map and vegetation density were dually integrated and at last 577 ecological units were mapped as the task units for assessing the landuse management and utility in the scale of 1:150000. Meanwhile, the climatological prosperities, the soil erosion probability and the type of land-use for every unit have been registered. For such ecological units or wisdom ecosystems, the ecologic power for agricultural, range, forest, aquaculture, tourism and urban expansion were assessed. The land-use planning map for Mahidasht basin was created after investigating the land-use planning and prioritizing the different land-use types based on the qualitative and comparative manner. Comparing the present and future land-use maps revealed that the forest area has expanded to 12% of the optimal land-use comparing the 7% of the present condition. The same analysis for rangeland land-use shows the growth from 12% to 15, and for irrigated farming from 10% to 60%. The Future Ecological Power maps reveal the areas that need to be protected (2% of the total basin), therefore it demands more attention.

This article aims to rank and determine the levels of development in 2006 and an analysis of causes of inequality in the urban places using 54 indices in health, cultural, economical, infrastructural-housing, sport sectors as well as the combination of these indices. The method of study is descriptive-analytical. Firstly, the degree of development was calculated and the rank of regions was specified using factor analysis. Secondly, the urban places of the Iranian provinces were categorized in three levels of developed, developing and less-developed using cluster analysis. Finally, the inequality and the gap in the urban places of the Iranian provinces were specified via the magnitude of the coefficient of variation. Results revealed that there are different factors effective in the progress of inequality in Iran. Furthermore, it was realized that a single factor cannot justify the inequality and underdevelopment in these regions. Inequality was found to be a complex phenomenon that a group of factors will only be able to determine its construction. The results indicate that political economical factors and public policy-making in macro levels play an important role in the progress of inequality in the urban places of the provinces of Iran.