فصلنامه جغرافیای طبیعی
پیاپی 30 (زمستان 1394)

Iranis a countrylocatedin thebelt ofarid and semi-arid. Poordistribution ofrainfallandhigh evaporationof themain characteristics ofthese areas Morewaterfromprecipitationthrough theevaporationofitsresidentsout. Inthis areatoo,the additionofwater fromriversinthe region, Andintensifyitin recent yearsand the increase inurban populationin recent yearsin the region, An increasing numberhavemoresevereConstructionMinister ofprime landarea, dothenecessaryresearch. .Therefore,inthisstudy, the method ofAHP(AHP) andnetworkanalysis(ANP)wereevaluated. For the studyofimageTM, 2011Landsat satellitewere used. Factors(slope, lithology, land use, distance to fault, distance from the river, rainfall, elevation andvegetation) were preparedin GIS Locationmapssettlementswas producedinthe above methods. Interpretation ofthe coefficientsshowed thatthe distancefrom the river, rain andelevationplays an important rolein this context.

Soil erosion is always occurred as a natural event but human false interference led to accelerated soil erosion and irreversible effects. Mahabad dam watershed, due to topographic mountainous and steep slopes is very susceptibility against soil erosion. The aim of this study is to prioritize the factors affecting sediment production using fuzzy logic and AHP models and finally, generating the susceptibility mapping apron to soil erosion in Mahahbad dam watershed.
At first, based on expert experiences seven factors were recognized on soil erosion including the following; slope degree, land use, time of concentration, elevation of sea, precipitation, lithology and distance to river. The susceptibility soil erosion map based on fuzzy logic and AHP models were classified in five classes. The accuracy of the erosion susceptibility map provided by the model is further checked by calculating Seed Cell Area Index (SCAI). Results show that about 102.12 km2, equivalent to 13.15% of the area has the potential to "very high" risk of erosion and sediment production, which in the sub-basins Dehbokr, Bangvyn, Qzljeh, Maraneh and Syahghol has more potential.

Having accurate information about received solar radiation in one place is necessary in order to develop solar project. For this reason estimating solar radiation is the main factor in find an appropriate location for a solar site. In the current study by Liu and Jordan model to estimate the amount of radiation received and taking into consideration the different layers, including rural areas and roads, slope and aspect, elevation, temperature and humidity and TOPSIS model, optimum location was determined. According to the result of Liu and Jordan model, Kermanshah province was considered and result illustrates that on average, 495 calories per square centimeter solar energy during the day receives. Four Towns include: Sunghor, Sahne, Eslam Abad And followed that Ghasre Shirin city receives more and less the amount of radiation respectively. The average daily radiation in Qasr-e Shirin and javanrood are equal 528 and 443 calories per centimeter square respectively. According to result of location, Kermanshah with 908 square kilometers areas have most highly desirable areas to develop their solar sites respectively and Sarpozohab with 118 square kilometers has less potential.

In the past, during extreme temperature events in Iran, precise determination of very hot and cold regions has been difficult due to absence and not a proper distribution of synoptic stations. But, nowadays the satellite data with appropriate spatial resolution provides an opportunity for improving the previous research. The main purpose of this paper is determination of these regions in above mentioned conditions. Standardized Monthly mean temperature of 81 synoptic stations in Iran showed that during 1986 to 2014, in January 2008 and July 2010 most stations have been an extreme temperatures anomaly. For this, we used land surface temperatures from MODIS data product (level2) onboared on Terra satellite. To classification of regions, we used cluster analysis. When we cutting the dendrogram in the first step, separated 13 regions for July 2010 and 6 region for January 2008. In July 2010, Lut desert determined as the hottest area and in January 2008 northwest of Iran was the coldest and costal sea in south east was the pleasant in term of temperatures. Therefore, due to the lack synoptic station in Lut desert and also not distinct of this region as a separate region in previous study, capability of remote sensing product was obvious.Also result showed that unlike of synoptic station data, the MODIS remote sensing product very well indicate role of mountain in variability of temperature. However, by existing of satellite data, temperature map must have ability to showing the role of roughness.

Today, the tourism in general and tourism sustainability in particular in the tourist areas (urban and rural), world has become one of the most important topics in the scientific. Assessment the current situation and the progress towards sustainable tourism growth and development in local communities and wetlands ecosystems are the economic - institutional dimensions, social-cultural and ecological- environment. Besides achieving sustainability in its various dimensions requires indicators for assessing and explaining the sustainability of tourism. Thus optimum use of indicators can have an important role in activating region, diversifying employment, increase income and raise the living standards of local residents. Accordingly, this study was designed to evaluate sustainable tourism in wetlands ecosystems. Therefore, it is necessary for the wise use of wetlands, to reach a balance in addition to the economic recovery, be guaranteed wetlands of existence, in a wide range of human activity that is different from the absolute protection to effective intervention. Accordingly, the present study is descriptive - analytical out through a survey, a questionnaire was developed from the perspective of the rural population and the authorities, have been tried to assess sustainable tourism in wetland ecosystems. For this purpose, 230 by Cochran, a rural community sample size determination and 15 people Officials were at the inquiry. In this study, after completing the questionnaire, validated their reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha, which is equal to 0.70 for urban households and 0.982 for officials. The data collected were analyzed using the software SPSS19 using Pearson correlation analysis, gamma, Kendall b, c. Based on the research findings, Of total 43 variable Economic - institutional aspects, social - cultural, ecological - environmental sustainable rural tourism in wetland ecosystems studied, Has been approved by 38 variables from the perspective of the people And each of the 43 variables from the perspective of the authorities. At the same time analyzes the comments of view, the observed convergence (consistency) of the 38 variables and divergence (anisotropy) in 5 variables.