فصلنامه جغرافیای طبیعی
پیاپی 6 (زمستان 1388)

Determination of flood reproductive regions and flooding potential ranking can have important role of big watershed management. The Marmeh watershed selected for this research, because very floods had occurred. In this research, by using GIS and HEC-HMS model based on SCS CN method, the amount of proportion of sub basins on total flood has determined. For this purpose, by using the successive single sub basin elimination method in HEC-HMS model, flooding potential of sub basins has ranked. The results show that only area of sub basin does not affect on flooding potential, location of sub basins and flood routing in Main River can have significant impacts, too. Finally, Joachim sub basin has the maximum of proportion in total flood of watershed and Casabas sub basin has the least of flooding potential.

Civic areas are the major living field for the ever –increasing largest part of the world's population .population growth, development of city-settling and a change in the ways and attitudes of people's lives have created significant problems in big cities. Nowadays, big cities encounter such problems as air pollution, lack of sufficient green space, irregular increase of vehicles and population, etc. Tehran is considered as one of main demographic, political, economic, commercial and industrial regions in the country and occurrence of any climatic changes leads to irreparable losses such as shortage of water resources, severe floods, soil erosion, etc while this matter can be a factor to cause environmental problems systematically. Considering the fact that Tehran is Located in Alborz mountain foot and its many north –west to south-east Branches produces several effects on the city and because of its location in the mountain slope, its general level has a steady height above the sea level. Hence, its amount of rainfall undergoes severe changes. In fact, the amount received by the heights is rather much more than that of the lower points annually (Zargham, 1377, p.53). In this research, the trend of precipitation has been measured and examined by the use of data from 5 selected synoptic and 3 pluviometer stations of Tehran city during the statistical period of 20 years (1364-1384) and the degree of its correlation with the amount of pollutants in Tehran city has been measured using the data from Pollution polls stations which have been located according to synoptic stations, and SCHEFE and square Omega (w2) models.

Geotourism is a Branch of echotorism. Geotorism is a modern way for clarification and description of earth sciences and recognition of natural stocks which besides playing a didactic role, can make tourist development and provides a way for sustainable development in tourist attractions. Salt domes are one of special and rare geological and geomorphologic phenomena which have beautiful landscapes. One of outcrop zones is salt domes in Larestan. About 1/6 of salt domes in the southern part of Iran exist in Larestan. Salt glaciers, karste spring, salt caves, and mushroom shapes are jast some of attractive geomorphological phenomena related to salt domes in Larestan which have high potentials for different kinds of tourists. The per pouse of this study is to introduce karmostaj salt dome to national and international geotourism by using direct and indirect methods. It is assumed that this task can cause local and national economic prosperity by increasing employment.

Anzali Wetland an important of resources ecotourism in Iran and even in Medal east that it could have occupying and economic and protect of environment in region. The aim of this paper is recognition of human bioclimatic comfort in Anzali wetland with Becker and Lancaster- karsten method. Research method has using of analyzing climatic data with bioclimatic model of Becker and Lancaster- Karsten climograph and Psychometric table. Result of this paper has shown that Anzali wetland has human bioclimatic comfort in April, May, July and August. it has warm weather with bioclimatic stress (pressure) with muggy weather but sustainable in November, December, January, September and Mars is cold with moderate bioclimatic instigation, also in this area with Lancaster-Karsten method for recognition of muggy weather has shown that in June, August, September is muggy weather and in May, October is in the frontier of muggy weather conditions at climogram (many days muggy weather phenomena) and in January, February, Mars, April, November and December is no muggy weather.

This study evaluates and estimates groundwater balance of the Khir plain for the period between, 1996 and 2005. The approach is centered on quantitative estimation of two main parameters-input and output. Recharge and discharge components have been quantified based on inflows, outflows and changes in the aquifer groundwater storage .The results show that the average total annual discharge of the area (119.11 MCM) exceeded total average annual recharge (106.30 MCM), implying that the system is in deficiency –an indication of unsustainable water withdrawal. The average drawdown of the water table in Khir plain was 7.08 meters in 10 years since 1996 to 2005. This not only reduces available water resources and water wells yields but can result in other serious and potentially costly side effects including saline intrusion, drying springs, and ground subsidence. Increase in pumping costs and a decline in crop yields as a result of the increasing salinity. Abstraction of groundwater could be minimized by providing sufficient canal irrigation water to the farmers ,development of new irrigation networks and methods , and selection of optimal crop pattern .This study further recommend the institution of a groundwater regulatory framework to optimize groundwater use on sustainable basis and installation of groundwater recharge basin and flood water spreading.

The development incompatible with environment cannot be sustainable. Today, the environment is threat by many dangers. Using renewable energy sources such as solar energy, geothermal energy and wind energy can make sustainable development in a region.
Iran has a lot of renewable and nonrenewable energy resources. Since Iran has a special geographic position, it has lot of solar and wind energy resources. Both solar and wind energy are free, renewable and adaptable with environment.
The study of 11 year wind data in Firouzkooh synoptic station shows that the production of wind power electricity and water pumping is possible in this region.
In this research, we studied the temporal distribution of wind using three – hour statistics of wind speed in Firouzkooh synoptic station. It was found that high wind speed in this region starts from February and continue to May.

Temperature is a fundamental quantity in the physical ocean logy and the basis of study of oenologist in the study and recognition of the processes in oceans and water basins. The time and place changes of the surface temperature of water strata have an important role in the activities of climatic change, the life of aquatic animals, marine processes, saltiness degree and other characteristics at lake and sea water.
The aim of this research is the recognition of the manner of the Caspian Sea surface temperature distribution and the factors affecting it. For this purpose water surface data have been investigated for a period of four years with the use of the method of time and place analysis. In the performed analysis, monthly average data for 1400 stations in a period of four years have been used. And the quantities of EOF and PC and period grams and place correlation coefficients for the main modes have been calculated with the use of Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis. Final, seven main modes have been inferred and EOF and PC and their preiodograms were analyses and the factor of each of them was identified. They are as follows with regard to their importance: The first mode due to the radiation of the sun has 98.3 percent in the water surface temperature. The second mode has 1.46 percent that is related to the effect of the deep pit located in the southern Caspian Sea on the Caspian Sea surface temperature. The third mode has 0.094 percent related to the effect of the deep pit located in the medial Caspian. The fourth mode has 0.0265 percent related to the effect of the deep pit located in the north Caspian. The fifth mode has 0.0225 percent related to the effect of the entrance of the water of the Volga River from the side of western north to the Caspian Sea. The sixth mode has 0.0162 percent due to the effect of the temperature of conviction between the sea and the land. And the seventh mode has 0.0102 percent due to the effect of the west winds on the Caspian Sea surface temperature.

Attractions and phenomenon's of geology is one of most attractive backgrounds of promenade and it can consider about geotourism with a good economic perspective for future. The country; Iran consists beautiful nature and various climate and the areas which is full of unique phenomenon's about the since of earth and it seems necessary the investigation of these attraction for knowing more them.
The study phenomena that passing beauty Geotourism volcanic belt Urmia, Bazman the city limits Shahrbabak this city formed to examine the way thereby preserving landscape and natural resources and expanding Geotourism is available, to create economic Eye Info Natural enough, and therefore the necessary funding be provided to maintain them.