فصلنامه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1394)

In interspecific hybridization of lilies¡ resulted embryos are aborted because of the incompatibility. Therefore applying the embryo rescue methods are very essential. The main purpose of this research is introducing a suitable medium to rescue embryos produced by the cross between two lily species¡ (L.cavales) and (L.Casablanca). In the first test¡ during 10¡ 15 and 20 days after pollination (DAP)¡ ovary slices were cultured on OSC medium contained NAA (1 and 0.1 mg/l) and sucrose ( 6 and 9 percent)¡ that 10 DAP¡ 6% sucrose and 1 mg/l NAA were significant in increasing the growth percentage. In the second test¡ the ovary slices ovules were separated based on the culture times and then transferred on different mediums¡ each one contained two levels of sucrose ( 3 and 6 percent ) that 6% sucrose were significant in increasing the germination. Obtained Data from tow expriment was set up as a factorial based on randomize complete design.

In order to study the effect of different sowing methods on grain yield and its components of dry land wheat and determine the most effective sowing method¡ a field trial was conducted using factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design¡ with 3 replicates in Hamadan Agricultural Research Station in 2011. Factors were included four cultivars (Homa¡ Rasad¡ Sardari and UN11) and two sowing machines (P1: Deep furrow press drill¡P2: Russian liner planting). The results indicated that planting different cultivars affected all traits except of the number of plant per m2 significantly. The results showed that the highest grain yield was obtained by using deep furrow press drill sowing machine (1880 kg/ha) and planting Homa cultivar (2220 kg/ha) separately. Sowing Homa cultivar by deep furrow press drill sowing machine increased the number of tiller per m2(7 T/m2) in comparison with the other treatments.

In order to determine salt tolerance indices and the response of wheat recombinant inbred lines to salt stress¡ a study conducted with 319 bread wheat recombinant inbred line (RIL F7) derived from a cross between Roshan cultivar (salt tolerant) and Falat cultivar (salt sensitive)¡with their parent and 3 check (Arg¡ Bam and Kavir) were studied in an alpha lattice design with 2 rep and two location (normal and salt affected) in Yazd during 2012. In order to evaluation of inbred lines to salinity tolerance¡ 8 indices including SSI¡ TOL¡ MP¡ GMP¡ Harm¡ STI¡ SDI and MSTI were calculated based on inbred lines yield in normal and stress environments. Correlation analysis show that MP¡ TOL¡ STI and GMP had highest correlation coefficient with seed yield in normal condition¡ while Harm¡ MSTI¡ GMP and STI had highest correlation coefficient with seed yield in stress condition. Principal component analysis for salinity tolerance indices identify two components¡ first component called yield stability and tolerance to salinity stress¡ the second component called sensitivity to salt stress and yield potential. Results indicated that inbred lines 117¡ 151¡ 42 and 33 in normal environment and 56¡ 151¡ 75 and 305 in stress environment had highest seed yield. MP¡ GMP and STI were the best indices for identifying superior lines. Using biplot of two first principal components¡ inbred lines 313¡ 164¡ 151¡ 5¡ 33¡ 41¡ 115¡ 117¡ 42¡ 20¡ 107 and 132 were identified with high seed yield and salt tolerance.

This experiment to study aim effect of different levels of plant density and zinc sulfate on quantitative yield of triticale and its rule on human and livestock feed was conducted at deh-sefid village of Khorramabad¡ in cropping year 2009- 2010 (November 13¡ 2009). The application of three levels of zinc sulfate (Control¡ 40 and 60 kg / ha) and three plant densities (200¡ 300 and 400 plant / m2) were combined factorially based on the randomized complete block desing with three replications. Results showed that interaction of density and different levels of zinc sulfate treatments on variables¡ such straw yield¡ economical yield (seed) and biological yield (1% prob) as harvest index (5% prob) were affected significantly. The higher production. The highest straw and seed yield (12810¡ 12770 kg / ha) was observed in200 and 300 plant / m2 to using 60 kg/ha zinc sulfate (d2f3 and d1 3)¡ biologic yield (22303 kg / ha) and harvest index (44.53%) was obtained from treatment 300 plant / m2) to using 40 kg / ha zinc sulfate (d2f2). Thus was concluded that minum and optimum of plant density (200 and 300 plant / m2) increased yield to ratio using fertilizer (40 and 60 kg / ha)¡ therefor¡ can proposed using fertilizer to further yield. The highest and lowest percent protein were obtained from treatments d3f2 (400 plant / m2. 40 kg / ha zinc sulfate ) and d2f2 (300 plant / m2 .40 kg / ha zinc sulfate) equal to 9.8 and 7.08 % respectively.

In order to study the variation of quantitative traits under normal and drought stress conditionsinmaize¡ 120 genotypes were planted in randomized complete block design with three replication in research station of SP II in 2009 .In order to evaluation of hybrids tolerance to drought stress indices such as Mean Productivity¡ Stress Tolerance¡ Stress Tolerance Index¡ Stress Susceptibility Index¡Geometric Mean Productivity ¡Harmonic mean were calculated. Geometric Mean Productivity and Stress Tolerance Index showedhigh correlation with grain yield under stress and normal conditions .Hybrids¡ no 1¡45¡90¡ 18¡53¡46¡ were selection as drought tolerance hybrids.45¡90¡18¡56 and 26 in A area Fernandez and possibility in traduced as drought hybrids .Genetic diversity among hybrids with respect to drought tolerance.

Heavy metal pollution of agricultural soils is one of the most important ecological problems on world scale. Lead is a toxic environmental contaminant that induces many biochemical and structural changes in biology systems and deserves the increasing attention it has received in recent decades. Lead is emanating from various environmental sources including industrial wastes¡ combustion of fossil fuels¡ and use of agrochemicals. It seems that plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria can improve plant growth and development in heavy metal contaminated soils. Germination and early growth response of 10 wheat cultivars to inoculation of plant growthpromoting rhizobacteria (Azetobacter and Azospirillium) under different concentration of Pb (325 and 650 mg/L) were studied in laboratory condition. The results showed that lead had obvious inhibitory effects on the germination and seedling early growth of wheat cultivars. The lowest germination and seedling vigour index were observed in high level of Pb stress without rhizobacteria. Application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria could significantly alleviate inhibitory effect of Pb especially low concentration of Pb. The highest succulent growth of seedling was observed under control condition. Lead treatment at 650 mg/L exhibited lowest percentage of tolerance in seedling as compared to control. However application of rhizobacteria under Pb stress could improve tolerance index in all cultivars. Totally result revealed that cultivars like as Pishgam¡ Back cross Roshan¡ Sardari¡ Gaskogen and Zarin had higher tolerance against remain under Pb stress.

In order to study the effects of different tillage methods on energy consumption¡ physical properties of soil and emergence percentage¡ this research was conducted in Soghan region¡ Orzooyeh township¡ Kerman province of Iran during 2011-2012. The experiment was done as a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments of this experiment involved: Chisel plow with two times of harrowing disk¡ cultivator with two times of harrowing disk¡ two times of harrowing disk¡ one time of harrowing disk¡ and control (conventional tillage included of moldboard plow with two times of harrowing disk). The results showed that the conventional methods of tillage significantly increase tillage energy requirements than lowtillage system and treated in a disk with 1427.6 MJ has the lowest energy consumption. The apparent density of soil at 0-15 cm depth has the lowest density of 1.273 g/cm3 and related to double disc treatment. Doubledisc treatment has the lowest average soil particle 31.64 mm. The double-disk tillage treatment has the highest percentage of germination between treatments (average 85.22 %). The low tillage system of doubledisc treatment better and more suitable substrate for germination and root growth of canola provides.

There isn’t balanced between production and consumption when population increased due to traditional agriculture replaced to the modern agriculture. Evaluated of agriculture knowledge in genetic and biotechnology with using fertilizer and chemical pesticide can be facilitated agriculture production and also can be increased food production in increased countries but it disturb equality of ecosystem biology and also using these kind of toxic material and hormones such as nitrate and cadmium change industrial agriculture to agronomic agriculture. Here we applied randomized complete block design with three replications in a field of Karaj Azad University. We used vermicompost (1 kg/m2 for case and control)¡ Animal manure (3 kg/m2 for case and control)¡ Pseudomonas (10 ml/100gr seed for case and control)¡ and Azotobacter (10 ml/100gr seed for case and control) as a four treatment factors. The analyzed trial were sugar¡ hormones (auxin¡ gibberellin¡ cytokinin)¡ biomass¡ ear yield¡ grain fresh yield. The result showed that treatments were significant on total. Application total treatment increased trials than no application. Azotobacter and pseudomonas have more significant effect on hormones (auxin¡ gibberellin and cytokinin) than other treatments.

In this research the effects of size and halving of sugar beet steckling on stem length¡ number of main stem¡ shoot weight and seed yield were investigated. Experiment was conducted in 28 Dec. and 21 Feb. 2014 in field in split split plot design with 10 replications. Treatments were combination of three paternal HM5514¡ S1-24 and SB26 two levels of whole and sliced stecklings and three levels of size of stecklings. Results showed that root size had significant effects on stem length and seed yield. Where¡ the tallest of main stem of stecklings with crown diameter 1.71¡ 1.59¡ 2.29 and 2.44 cm were 60¡ 67¡ 99 and 114 cm¡ respectively. Results also showed that seed yield of of stecklings with crown diameter 3.39¡ 4.80 and 6.28 cm were 15.35¡ 22.64 and 31.13 gr¡ respectively. In addition¡ seed yield was reduced by slicing of steckling. However¡ total seed yield of 2 sliced steckling were significantly more than one whole steckling.