فصلنامه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات
سال سیزدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1396)

Alfalfa is one of the most important forage plants for livestock. Drought most important factor limiting plant growth in the world and is the most common environmental stress. The external application of extenuating stress can cause immune responses, particularly by plants. In order to investigate the application of salicylic acid and glycine on alfalfa seed production under water deficit conditions, tests for split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in research farm of Islamic Azad University of Karaj in the crop year 95-1394 was administered. 5/0 and 1 mM salicylic acid and glycine were 10 and 50 mM. The characteristics such as yield with and without pods, pods per plant and seeds per pod. The results showed that, irrigation, seed yield (with and without pods) and number of seeds per pod (respectively 2/1418, 51/936 kg per hectare and 01/9 digits) and irrigation cut off the flowering the yield (with and without pods) and number of seeds per pod (respectively 4/977, 76/807 kg and 36.6 eggs), respectively. Also sprayed with 50 mM glycine with the highest seed yield (with and without pods) and number of seeds per pod (the order number 4/1440 and 93/945 kg per hectare and 09/10) and was superior in the group treated with non-solution spray the lowest seed yield (with and without pods)) and the number of seeds per pod (2/932 and 73/591, respectively, and 34.6 kg ha number) in the weakest group were analyzed.

This experiment was done on the basis of split-split-plot design in completely randomized block design with three replicates in north of Khuzestan in 2015. Irrigation treatments (irrigation after 70, 90 and 120 mm evaporation) as main-plot, planting date (1 and 20 July and 9 august) as sub-plot and hybrids (704, Karoon 701, and AS71) as sub-sub-plot were carried out. Results showed that the effect of planting date and hybrid on grain yield, 1000-kernel weight, number of kernel rows and number of kernels per row was significant, also the effect of planting date×hybrid on leaf area, the effect of irrigation×hybrid on stomatal conductance and the effect of planting date, hybrid and planting date×hybrid on plant height was significant.
Results showed that the highest number of kernels per row was observed in the third planting date and 704 and Karoon 701 hybrid, the highest number of kernel rows was observed in the third planting date and 704 hybrid, the highest amount of 1000-kernel weight was observed in the third planting date and Karoon 701 hybrid. The highest amount of grain yield was observed in the third planting date. The hybrid of Karoon 701 had the highest leaf area in third planting date. AS71 hybrid had the highest amount of leaf area in first irrigation period. AS71 in first irrigation period and 704 and Karoon 701 hybrid in third irrigation period had the highest stomatal conductance. Also AS71 had the highest plant height in third planting date.

Management of soil nutrients using organic fertilizers is among major pillars of sustainable agriculture. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of vermicompost and irrigation regimes as factorial completely randomized design with three replications at Zabol university greenhouse. Treatments included irrigation at 100 (Control), 75 and 50% FC and application of humic acid at 0, 20 and 40% of pot volume. The greatest and the least plant height, internode length, fresh and dry weight of plants, stem diameter, number of tillers per plant, dry and fresh weight of roots per plant was observed at irrigation at 90% FC and 50% FC, respectively. Whilst, the greatest essential oil percentage was achieved in irrigation at 50% FC. Cultivated plant at 40% volume of pot vermicompost had the greatest growth components and essential oil percentage. Interaction of 40% volume of pot vermicompost and irrigation at 90% FC had the greatest plant height, internodelength, plant dry weight, root dry and fresh weight. Mean while application of 40% volume of pot vermicompost and irrigation at 50% FC had the greatest essential oil percentage. The interaction was not significant for plant fresh weight, stem diameter and number of branch per plant .These results suggested that application of 40% volume of pot vermicompost in free drought stress conditions had the greatest growth components and at 50% FC had the greatest essential oil percentage in peppermint

Development of autumn sowing of sugar beet is viewed as an important strategy for supplying required sugar nationwide. In order to investigate the effects of varieties and sowing date on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of sugar beet, an experiment was conducted in a form of split plot based on the Randomized Complete Block design in crop year 2014-15 in a research farm of Agricultural and Natural Resources Center in Khorasan Razavi province with four replications. The major factor included sowing data; the minor factor included. The studied characteristics contains number of roots, bolting percent, root yield, gross sugar yield, white sugar yield, sugar percent, alkalinity, sodium, potassium, and nitrogen. Analysis of variance indicated that interactive effect of variety and sowing date on bolting percent, root yield, gross sugar yield, root number, white sugar yield, and sugar was significant. The highest root yield in the first sowing date was related to Merak and Monatono; the lowest root yield was related to Sharif and Monatono in the second sowing date. Also, the highest gross sugar yield and white sugar was obtained for Merak in the first sowing date. In addition, it was found that the first sowing date was superior to the second. Due to the multiplicity and diversity of the autumn cultivars and their favorable adaptation to cultivation in different Beet cultivation regions of the country, it seems that the development of the autumn sowing beet, while supply the country sugar requirements, causes significant savings in water consumption.

In order to investigation of different levels of salinity stress effects on germination, vegetative and some germination indices an experiment was performed in factorial form using a completely randomized design with 3 replications at Seed and Plant Improvement Institute Karaj. First factor encompass 20 genotypes (including narin, Ofough and Arg varieties as checks) and second factor four levels of salinity treatment (0 ,8, 12 and 16 ds/m), were used. Traits germination percent, germination rate, radicle length, plumule length, seedling length, plumule /radicle length ratio,dry weight of radicle , dry weight of seedling, plumule /radicle dry weight ratio, germination uniformity ,seed vigor index and salinity tolerance index (TI) were studied. Results analysis of variance showed that between genotypes, salinity stress and their interaction for all traits had significant difference. The most and the least of TI was belonged to genotype no.10 (Ti=83.13%) and genotype no 8 (Ti=54.82%) respectively. Salinity tolerance index (TI) had positive and significant correlation with germination percent, germination rate, plumule length, dry weight of seedling, plumule /radicle dry weight ratio and seed vigor index. Based on cluster analysis genotypes were divided into 3 different groups. Finally based on salinity tolerance index and all of germination traits, and results of cluster analysis, genotypes no 5,20, 10 and 14 were determined as the most tolerant genotypes and better than checks cultivars, that can be recommended to using of this genotypes for future breeding programs tolerance to salinity stress, and genotypes No. 8, 11 and 17 as the most susceptible genotypes.

In order to investigate effect of seed priming and plantig date on yield and yield components of wheat Chamran variety the research in both laboratory and field in Dezful –Safiabad research center in 2014-2015 was conducted. Treatments include priming with salicylic acid in the four levels {control (distilled water), 0.7, 1.2, 1.7 mM} and four levels of planting date (10 December, 20 December, 30 December, 9 January) in the factorial design based on randomized completely design was conducted at research farm of Agriculture Research Center. The results showed that the effect of planting date on yield and its components were significant at the 1% level. Traits in the latest sowing date significantly decreased. Grain yield in the third planting date (10 January) the highest amount (6207.7 kg / ha).The highest biological yield and harvest index the amount of (14155 kg / ha) and (44.03%) in the third planting date were observed, respectively. In general, the traits were significantly decreased in the last planting date. So to achieve the highest yield, at a concentration of 7.0 mM priming and culture of 10 January date is recommended.

In order to investigate relationship between yield and its components in bread wheat, tested during 2011-2012 were conducted in Agricultural Research Station of Gonbadin randomized complete block design with three replications whit 10 bread wheat genotype (Morvarid, N-87-4, N-87-9, N-86-6, N-86-8, N-80-19, N-86-5, N-85-5, Kohdasht, Line 17). In this experiment, were measured 7 morphological traits. Analysis of variance genotypes for all traits was significant at 1% probability level. N-85-5 and Line 17 genotypes produced the highest and the lowest grain yield, respectively. Among all tested traits, the number of fertile spike had the highest correlation (0.999 **) with grain yield. Using stepwise regression, the number of fertile spikes entered the model as an effective attribute, justifying 99.8 percent of the data variation. In order to find the causal relationships, the path analysis was performed for grain yield The direct effect on the grain yield was related to the number of fertile spike traits. The results of cluster analysis by ward method showed that the studied cultivars were classified in two groups and the second group in terms of grain yield was the most (397.66). According to the results, can be said that N-85-5 genotype had the highest grain yield and trait number of fertile spike was identified as an effective trait for increasing grain yield.

mineral and organic N sources (farmyard manure) on maize yield, N uptake and soil fertility was assisted in the field experiment carriedout on silty clay loam soil at new developmental farm of the university of agriculture, Peshawar Pakistanduring 2014. Combined dose of N provided from all sources was applied @150 kg ha-1. There were four replications and 6 treatmentsi.e., (T1) control, (T2) 150 kg N ha-1 from mineral source, (T3) 150 kg ha-1 from FYM, (T4) 25% FYM + 75% mineral N, (T5) 50% FYM + 50% N and (T6) 75% FYM + 25% mineral N. Maize variety (Azam) was sown in RCB design. Data on plant height, grain yield and stover yield were recorded in maize. Samples of grain and stover were analyzed for total N to determine its uptake by the crop. Results indicated that greatest plant height of 221.85 cm, maximum grain yield of 2046.12 kg ha-1 and straw yield of 7004.73kg ha-1 were obtained from treatment where 25% N was applied from farm yard manure and 75% from mineral fertilizer.Agronomic efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency were also found higher in the treatmentwhere 25% N were applied from farm yard manure and 75% from mineral fertilizer. Soil total N, organic matter and available P were significantly affected by the organic source and there integration with mineral N source. It was concluded that combination of organic and mineral N sources in ratio 25:75 are the best combination to achieve sustainable yield and soil fertility.