فصلنامه اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
پیاپی 46 (تابستان 1397)

To evaluate the effect of biological and chemical phosphorous fertilizers on radiation use efficiency, P concentration and yield of wheat cultivar (Pishgam) A field study was carried out as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications, in 2011-2012 at the Agricultural and Natural Research Station of Hamedan province. The factors were three levels of phosphorus fertilizer (P1) 0, (P2) 22.5 and (P3) 45 kg.ha-1 diammonium phosphate of based on soil test and five levels of biofertilizer applications: non-biofertilizer application (B1), biofertilizer application at the rate of 100 g.ha-1 at planting (B2), biofertilizer application in two stages, at the rate of 100 g.ha-1 at planting and 100 g.ha-1 in the spring (B3), biofertilizer application at the rate of 200 g.ha-1 at planting (B4), biofertilizer application in two stages, at the rate of 200 g.ha-1at planting and 200 g.ha-1 in the spring (B5). The results showed the highest leaf area index (5.8 and 5.7, respectively) was produced in biofertilizer of B4 and B3 levels with application of 45 kg ha-1 diammonium phosphate. Application of 45 kg.ha-1 diammonium phosphate with biofertilizers of B2, B5, B4 and B3 levels, caused an increase in total dry matter about 29.7, 25.9, 4.0 and 2.5 percent, respectively, as compared to that of control. The highest radiation use efficiency of 2.45 g.mj-1 belonged to 45 kg.ha-1 diammonium phosphate with biofertilizers of B4 which was 23 percent more than that of control. Bio-fertilizer of B3 and B2 levels increased grain yield of wheat by 9.8 and 9.3 percent, respectively, as compared to that of control. Finally it can be stated that biofertilizer Barvar-2, resulted in the increase of grain yield.

To evaluate water deficit stress, brassinosteroid and ascorbic acid effects on photosynthetic pigments and some pot marigold’s compatible solutes, an experiment was conducted at the experimental field and labratory of university of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2014. A factorial split experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications were used. Water deficit was induced by two levels of water stress (50 and 100 mm evaporation from class A pan) considered as main factor and brassinosteroid (0, 10-8 and 10-7 M) and ascorbic acid (0 and 10 mM) as sub factors. Results showed that water deficit, brassinosteroid and ascorbic acid increased soluble sugars, carotenoids and polyphenol oxidase activity. Water deficit decreased the rate of a, b and total chlorophylls, lysine and methionine. However, application of brassinosteroid and ascorbic acid decreased water deficit effects and increased the rate of a, b and total chlorophylls. Ascorbic acid application under stress condition increased the rate of lysine and methionine. Considering these results it can concluded that ascorbic acid and brassinosteroid increase marigold tolerance to water shortage by enhancing defensive system and prevention of photosynthetic pigments destruction. It seems application of brassinosteroid can improve medicinal particularity of marigold.

To study the effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and mycorrhizal fungi on phonological and physiological traits of wheat, an experiment was carried out in factriol arrangement using randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, Sarableh (Ilam), Iran, during 2013-2014 cropping season. Experiment factors consisted of two dry land wheat cultivars (Cross Sablan and Saji) and fertilizer levels were 1- without application of phosphorous (P), 2- 100% phosphorous application, 3- Pseudomonas putida, 4- Funeliformis mosseae, 5- P. putida F. mosseae, 6- P. putida F. mosseae 50% of phosphorious fertilizer, 7- P. putida 50% of phosphorious fertilizer and 8- F. mosseae 50% of phosphorious fertilizer. Results indicated that using chemical and biofertilizer affected 50% days to emergence, stem elongation, flowering, pollination, maturity weight and maturity significantly. Results also showed that using of bio-fertilizer reduced drought stress effects by improving phonological traits of wheat under dry land conditions. The highest LAI, CGR, TDM, RGR and NAR were obtained by Saji cultivar and application of 50% of phosphorious fertilizer Mycorrhiza fungi, but it effect at late season on CGR, RGR and NAR due to increased shading of plants and leaf falling were negative. The Saji cultivar and 50% of phosphorious fertilizer F. mosseae because of maximum LAI, CGR and TDM produced higher grain yield under dry land conditions. It can be concluded that Saji cultivar along with F. mosseae may have higher growth indices and seed yield under dryland conditions.

To investigate the effects of drought stress on yield and oil percentage of safflower, an experiment was carried in split split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications during spring and summer planting seasons at Kaboutarabad Agricultural Research Station of Isfahan in 2015. The main factor consisted of two planting seasons (spring and summer), the sub-factor comprised of three irrigation treatments (normal irrigating from sowing to plant maturity as control, irrigation up to the beginning of flowering and irrigation up to seed filling period) and the sub-sub factor were ten safflower cultivars (Sofeh, Goldasht, Sina, Faraman, Mec117, Mec295, Mec18, Mec11, Mec7 and Mec27). The results showed that irrigation treatments had significant effects on leaf area index, relative water content, plant dry weight and grain yield. Drought stress reduced these traits. Drought stress had not significant effect on oil percentage while oil yield because of reduction of grain yield. The highest yield of oil belonged to Sofeh cultivar. Oil yield in irrigation treatments during seed filling and flowering period decreased by 26% and 46%, respectively as compared to control. Results showed that all cultivars in summer planting had lower grain and oil yield due to increasing of temperature as compare to spring planting. Although the oil percentage in summer planting was about 1% higher than spring planting, but due to lower grain yield, oil yield decreased by 60% during summer planting. Sofa and Mec11 cultivars produced the highest and lowest oil yields with 803 and 530 kg.ha -1 , respectively. Also, Sofa cultivar had the highest grain yield in both of planting seasons.

To evaluate the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) on morphological, physiological and seed yield of soybean and its components under saline conditions, an experiment a factorial experiment base on completely randomized design with three replications was conducted at the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran in 2017. The first factor consisted of four levels of salinity (0, 4, 6.5 and 9 dS.m-1), and the second factor of three concentration of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) (0, 200 and 400 ppm). The results showed that foliar spraying 200 ppm nano-ZnO resulted in higher plant height, number of leaves and dry shoot weight than other nano-ZnO levels (zero and 400 ppm) in 6.5 and 9 dS.m-1 salinity. The highest stomatal conductance (11.2 μMH2O.m-2.S-1), relative water content (83.6%) and membrane stability index (80.7%) were obtained from application 200 ppm nano-ZnO at salinity level of 4 dS.m-1. Maximum number of seeds per plant (11.4) and seed weight per plant (2.24 g) were also recorded from 200 ppm nano-ZnO under salinity of 4 dS.m-1. At all levels of salinity stress, when enhancing concentration from zero to 200 ppm the amount of all studied traits were increased and with increased concentration of nano-ZnO from 200 to 400 ppm, all experimental traits were decreased due to toxicity effect induction of nano-ZnO on plant. In general, the results showed that sprying plant with 200 ppm zinc oxide nanoparticles improved soybean growth at 6.5 and 9 dS.m-1salinity stresses.

To investigate the effect of vermicompost fertilizer application on physiological characteristics of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) genotypes in different sowing dates, an experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design arranged in factorial split plot with three replicates. The factorial combination of two sowing dates 17 and 27 October, considered as optimum and late sowing dates, respectively and two vermicompost rates, 0 and 20 t.ha-1 were allocated to the main plots and six canola genotypes (BAL104, DIE710.08, BAL102, FJL290, FJL330, Okapi) were randomized in sub-plots. The results indicated that seed yield, yield components, seed oil percentage and fatty acid compositions increased in all genotypes by different sowing dates. The highest seed yield (5853 and 5762 kg.ha-1), seed oil percentage (43.98 and 43.85%), oleic acid (65.23 and 64.93%) and linoleic acid (20.51 and 20.37%) were produced at optimum sowing date by FJL290 and BAL102 lines, which represent a high potential of this genotypes under this sowing date. In addition, application of vermicompost increased all traits under study. The result olso indicated that FJL290 and BAL102 lines can produce the highest seed and oil yields in the region, if the seeds were sown at 17 October 17th and application of 20 t.ha-1 of vermicompost.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of micro fertilizer application (Iron and zinc alone or together as foliar application in 2.5 and 5 per thousand concentration or soil application in 15 or 30 kg.ha-1) and the fertilizers application time (control, soil application of fertilizers, spraying at vegetative growth stage, spraying in tassel stage, spraying in two phases of growth and tasseling stage, spraying in grain filling stage and spraying in three stages of growth, tasseling and grain filling) on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays convar. saccharata var. rugosa). The experiment was conducted in Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch during 2016 growing season as split plot using a randomized complete block design with three replications. According to the results of the study fertilizer treatments had statistically similar effects on seed of dry yield. All four treatments, soil application of fertilizers, spraying at vegetative growth stage, spraying at two stages of vegetative stage and tasseling and spraying at three stages of vegetative stage, tasseling and grain filling increased this trait similarly and increased seed dry yield by 20, 12, 21 and 22 percent which could be only due to increasing number of seeds produced. According to the survey results in just two treatments, soil application of 5 kg.ha-1 iron and foliar application of iron and zinc in the vegetative and early reproductive stage at a concentration of 5 per thousand, an increase of optimal gains, respectively 334850 and 271298 tomans net income per hectare, obtained.

Salicylic acid (SA) is a natural phenolic and a hormone like compound, and its different concentrations and treatment duration cause many actions and reactions in plants. Thus, two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid on morphological and physiological characteristics of lemon verbena as an ornamental and medicinal plant in in vitro and field conditions at Miyaneh, Iran. In tissue culture conditions, five concentrations of SA including 0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 μM were added to MS culture medium and their effects on lemon verbena growth indices were evaluated. Increasing SA concentrations caused increment in chlorotic leaf number but decrement in normal plantlet percentage and lateral shoots number in lemon verbena explants. However, in low concentrations of SA, longest shoot length, leaf number and chlorophyll content were increased. Although all concentrations of SA improved shoot fresh weight in lemon verbena explants. Under field condition, the effect of salicylic acid at 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 μM concentrations, non spray and spray with distilled water, were evaluated on morphological and physiological traits of lemon verbena. Salicylic acid affected significantly leaf width, inflorescence number, fresh inflorescence and leaf weights and the longest inflorescence length. The negative effect of SA application on leaf width and number and fresh weight of inflorescence was observed. But leaf fresh weight and inflorescence length improved especially in low SA concentrations. Therefore, application of low SA concentrations, because of their enhancing potential effect on vegetative growth of lemon verbena both in field and tissue culture conditions can be recommended.

The physiological and phonological characteristics of different varieties and lines of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and also relationship between these traits and grain yield, 20 cultivars and lines of rapeseed were studied in a randomized complete block design with four replications for two years (2014-2016) at the High Educational Complex of Shirvan. During growing seasons, in addition to recording the phonological traits, destructive sampling and light measurement to calculate physiological traits like leaf area index, total dry matter and extinction coefficient were performed. At the end of the seasons, yield and its components, morphological traits and oil percentage of the cultivars were measured. Factor analysis was used to describe the relationship between the traits studied by using the mean of 21 attributes and the principal component analysis. The results of the analysis showed that the first four components justified a total of 99 percent of the total variations. The contribution of first and two components were 83.8 and 13.1 percent in the first year and 83.3 and 11.6 percent in the second year, respectively. Since the total values of the third and fourth components of the total changes in both years of the experiment are less than 4%, therefore the first two components which justified more than 96% of the variation were used to select the superior composition and the corresponding diagrams were drawn. Accordingly, varieties related to the positive direction of the first axis were varieties with high biological yield, high pod number, long flowering period and noticeable oil yield (Group A). In these varieties, seed filling is relatively shorter than the rest. In contrast, B-group varieties were against to the A- group's and were related to the negative direction of the first axis. On the other hand, varieties with high positive weight on the second axis were those with a high harvest index, a large number of pods per plant, which had longer time to stem elongation but shorter in planting to rosette (group C). The average yield of cultivars in the first year was 453.80 g.m-2 and in the second year 401.84 g.m-2. Part of the reduction in yield associated with the reduction of growth indices (biological yield) and the other part is related to the reduction of the harvest index, which it is due to significant differences of radiation between two years. As a whole it could be said that, three varieties of Bilbao, Traviata and Slm046 had the highest positive correlation with the first axis (group A).

Soybean pod abnormality is a kind of growth in which soybean plant accompanied with growth disorders including sever pod and flower abscission as well as leaves and pod morphological modifications. In an acute status, these kinds of plants stays green; therefore, the yield decreases and harvest time delay, dramatically. To investigate the reasons of pod distortion abnormality in Katul cultivar, a field assay based on roving method was performed. In the field experiment based on roving method 40 fields of Katul were selected randomly and traits like yield and yield component as well as managemental and climatic parameters were recorded in two successive growing years, 2015 and 2016. Result indicated that all field management factors didnot have any effect on PDS, except frequency of irrigation. In such a way that decreasing frequency of watering increased incidence of PDS significantly. Furthermore, percent of flower abscissions as well as shoot dry weight were increased; meanwhile, number of pod per plant, number of grain per pod, number of grain per plant, 1000-grain weight, harvest index, biological yield and grain yield dwindled extraordinary in PDS plants. Taken together, these results indicated that abiotic stresses such as heat and drought stresses as well as undesirable field irrigation might play an important role in soybean pod distortion abnormality incidence. In addition, interpreting of mineral nutrient indicated that well nutrition plants might decrease damage percentage of soybean pod abnormality.