نشریه پژوهش های فلسفی
پیاپی 12 (بهار و تابستان 1392)

There is no doubt that lying is an unethical practice. But both of intelligence and law consider lying permissible in some situations, such as where the life of an innocent person to be at risk. The ordinary people define the white lie to the permissible lie. But this term has become a victim of personal interpretations.As a result, many of non-permissible lies in intelligence and law's view, because of the personal interpretation of white lie, have been considered permissible. In this paper with study of the permissible cases of lie in intelligence and law's view, has been gave a definition for white lie. White lie is a that is permissible for 'necessity' Necessity includes three cases: reluctance, emergency (including to warding off the losses of life, honor and significant financial) and to warding off the more corruption with corruption and to repair the relation between people.

In this paper, first we attempt to explain the concept of paternalism from political philosophy standpoint. Then, restricting debate to epistemology, we show that ultimately paternalism based on an epistemic claim. also, we distinguish certain kind of paternalism as epistemic paternalism and study the manners of actualization and justifying this kind of paternalism. Then, it be emphasized that if epistemic paternalism be constructed on some certain criterions without postulating epistemic superiority of some people and be accomplished through experts, is legitimate because of it's valuable epistemic outcomes.

Issues of technology besides of a lot of things in the philosophy, including Interdisciplinary philosophy that from second half of the twentieth century onwards is due to being to answer questions of a major branch came into existence. The first of the relationship between philosophy and the philosophy of technology is to reveal its technology. This point was considered in the sense that earlier philosophers speak about technologym how and in what way, and what a qualified opinion on technology analytic features. Martin Heidegger's most important thinker who spoke about technology and isolate reflection and contemplation about the technology in this case and the ratio between these two areas has been the subject of his philosophical thought.Approaches that are stronger are devastating urban.Means by using the core technology to achieve an ideal society, or refer to it as a factor to be considered for disappear human individuality.First of all, Since the phenomenology, what is the stage, in the light of cause and effect is obvious, in the light of God can be reduced to a mere subjective because no room for God in nature as the source of all other causes have not. Secondly, according to conventional thinking, technology and development tools that will lead us to utopia, but seem to enter to destroyed urban.Destroyed urban that man stand in front of God and know every thing is centered and Thirdly,with technology as a process of Theism within the context of globalization comes out and is compatible is compatible interacation.

Wittgenstein undoubtedly had an enormous impact on 20th century theologians and philosophers of religion. Today we are confronted with a great deal of analysis and interpretation based upon his works. This article concentrate on interpretations of Wittgenstein's thought in the realm of religion and religious beliefs. The most important of problem of Wittgenstein's followers and interpretative writings in this subject is the absolute relativism. Article are being criticized some of these theories specially the opinion of Phillips and Barrett. It ultimately concludes that although can be useful basically distinction between religious belief and the other cognitive categories but the problem of relativism ever exists.

However Kant pointed antinomies of theoretical theology in Critique of Pure Reason, but he evaluated physico- theological proof. He presented theology in best form of the ethical theology in Critique of Practical Reason, and justify some of it's foundations in Critique of Judgment. In this book, he presented new reading of physico- teleological proof by reflective judgment and showed neumenal picture of the teleological world. In Kant's point of view, this picture and it's theology is necessary to ethical theology in relating virtue and happiness as two items of the highest good. On the other hand, ethical theology determinates ideas of reason in physico- teleological theology. This paper wants to demonstrates these two theology and their relations in Kant's thought.

More than 30 years ago, the term neurophilosophy was developed to describe a new domain of interdisciplinary researches. This term entered into philosophical discussions by the publication of Patricia Churchland’s book, neurophilosophy (1986), with the aim of introducing neuroscience to philosophers and philosophy to neuroscientists and the greater emphasis was on the first one. Neurophilosophy creates a particular interest to those who believe in physicalistic. For example, neurophilosophy has been able to fill the gap between consciousness and physical phenomena. This term reflects potentially revolutionary developments in which proposed theories about the mind are combined with neuroscience results about the organization of brain. The goal of neurophilosophy is to make cooperation among neuroscience, psychology, genetics, evolutionary biology and philosophy; so it leads to better understanding of the human mind.