فصلنامه پژوهش های روان شناسی اجتماعی
پیاپی 3 (پاییز 1390)

This study aimed to examine the degree of femininity or masculinity of gender stereotypes related to different academic fields, i.e. Math, Language, Humanities, Art, Life Sciences, and Medicine, in the minds of Iranian students. Two hundred and twenty five male and female students of Kardani, BS and MS majoring in math and humanities from four higher educational centers in Tehran were selected according to convenience, and answered a questionnaire. One-sample t-test, as well as two-way and repeated measure ANOVAs were used in data analysis. The two fields of Math and Medicine were considered masculine, while Art had a feminine stereotype. In case of Humanities, Language and Life Sciences, women regarded them as feminine, whereas men had a neutral image of them. A gender difference was observed indicating that women viewed the academic fields as being more feminine. In case of Humanities, the interaction of students’ gender and educational field was significant. Further, compared with students of math, students of humanities regarded Math to be more masculine. The results suggest that simply relying on educational statistics to decide about the femininity or masculinity of gender stereotypes related to different academic fields is not sufficient; first, because of people’s experiences with those having a job (in case of Medicine), and studying (in case of Math) in these academic fields, and second, due to the determining role of the motivational factors associated with group membership of persons holding those stereotypes.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-control training on procrastination among female high school students in Tehran. The statistical population is consisting of 32 female students from second year high school (16students in experimental group and 16 students in control group). The population was selected by simple random sampling among all the second year high school girl students in the academic year of 88-89. The design the research is based on pre-test and post-test. We used a quasi-experimental research design. Tuckman procrastination was utilized to measure procrastination. The self-control training program was carried out during 10 sessions; every week one session on an experimental group and no training for control group. The hypothesis was tested using analyses of covariance and independent t-test. Rrsult & According to the results it can be concluded that the self-control training were significantly effective in decreasing students’ procrastination in the experimental group. The possible explanation for the decreasing students’ procrastination might be resulted from the self-control training program applied in the experimental group.

The aim of this research was to investigate cognitive and reasoning development of prosocial behaviors and compliance among guidance school boys and girls in Isfahan city. The sample included 120 boys and 120 girls which were selected through stratified random sampling from six regions of Esfahan city. Research instruments were: Eisenberg, Lennon and Roth’s birthday riddle for assessment of prosocial behavior reasoning level along with Horney and Coolidge’s Compliance Questionnaire with 15 items for assessment of helping others. Data were analyzed using Glass’s Z and independent sample t test. Results showed that there isn’t significant differences between prosocial behavior reasoning levels of three age groups of boys and girls (12, 13, 14 years old boys and girls, P>0.05). Comparison between the three groups in prosocial behavior reasoning levels showed that 14 years old group is the lowest in confirm orientation from 12 and 13 years old groups but is the highest in empathy orientation from them (P<0.05). In compliance results showed that girls in all three age groups (12, 13 and 14 years old) in domains of altruism, need to relation and self-defeating had highest mean from three boys groups. Evidences of current research revealed that prosocial behaviors of Iranian male and female students many influenced by their personality.

The aim of this research was to study the reliability and validity of social intelligence questionnaire. 557 students (238 male and 319 female) were chosen through random cluster method. The average age was 22/2 with standard deviation of 2/51. The social intelligence questionnaire (Tet 2008) and emotional intelligence questionnaire (Shrink 1999) were answered by participants in one session. checking the internal consistency showed that all of dialects, except dialects 5,10,14,16,17,26,33,39 &40 have a high correlation with the total score, therefore 9 items from 45 items were omitted. The cronbach's alpha was0/78, the correlation of two halves was0/76, and the retest capability was0/75. Concurrent validity was used for validity checking as well. Due to high correlation with emotional intelligence questionnaire, the concurrent validity was also confirmed too. the results of this study showed that social intelligence questionnaire is a durable and valid tool to assess the social intelligence.

The present research investigated the most important factors affecting on suicide attempt and suicidal thoughts among women living in Dansfahan and Shal cities of Iran during years 1376-1387. This comparative-casual study performed on totally 90 participants including 45 suicide attempted women and 45 non-attempted women who matched with them. Also, 260 high school students were chosen through cluster sampling to evaluate the suicidal ideation. In this study has been used from three questionnaires, MMPI and Designed by the researcher and suicidal thoughts. The collected data were analyzed by chi-square test, regression analysis. The results showed that there was significant relationship between social cohesion, social status and religious beliefs ‚ Social isolation, economic failures, emotional frustration, depression, antisocial behaviors and psychopath with suicide attempting and suicidal ideation) (. In general the study shows that priorities should be given to the strategies and preventive plans and training.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of workplace exclusion in the relationship of leader-member exchange (LMX) with workplace deviance and psychological well-being. The sample consisted of 294 employees of an industrial company who were selected by stratified random sampling method. Of this sample 84% were men and average age was 35 years. Participant completed LMX (Graen & Uhl- Bien, 1995), Workplace Exclusion (Hitlan & Noel, 2009), Workplace Deviance (Bennet & Robinson, 2000), and Psychological Well-being (Ryff, 1994) Scales. Fitness of the proposed model was examined through structural equation modeling (SEM), using SPSS-18 and AMOS-18 software packages. The indirect effects were tested using bootstrap procedure in SPSS Macro program for mediation effect. Findings indicated that the proposed model fit the data properly. The results also supported the mediating role of workplace exclusion in the relationship of leader-member exchange (LMX) with workplace deviance and psychological well-being. This research suggests that there is a strong need to make employees feel included within the workplace.

The purpose of this study was to determine relationships between perceived social support and hardiness with mental health and disability status among women with Multiple Sclerosis.

This study is a correlation contextual research. 83 female patients referred to the MS clinic of Tehran University completed the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet and colleagues), the Expanded Disability Status Scale (Kurtzke), Mental Health (GHQ28) and the review of Kobasa personal views. Results were analyzed using parametric (descriptive and inferential) and nonparametric statistical methods.

Statistical analysis showed that hardiness control, challenge commitment friends support have positive correlation with mental health among women with MS. No significant relation between hardiness and perceived social support was found with disability status of women with MS.

Due to poor mental health of women with MS and also correlation between hardiness and its sub-scales with mental health, patients can enhance their mental health by increasing these skills.

The aim of this research was to study the relationship between organizational justice and LMX with trust in supervisor and dimensions of psychological empowerment. The sample consisted of 247 employees of the Esfahan Steel Company who have been working in the summer of 2010 (1389s.c.). Data was collected by questionnaire of Niehoff and Moorman's organizational justice (1993), Graen, Novak and Sommerkamp (1982) for LMX, and scale of trust in supervisor by Hartog and Koopman (2003). Data was analysis by using correlation, simple and multiple regression. Results showed that procedural justice and LMX predicted trust in supervisor and procedural justice predicted trust in supervisor greater than LMX. Quality of LMX and procedural justice were important for employee's trust in supervisor. Further interactions revealed that supervisors’ fair treatment with subordinate were very important for building trust in leader.