نشریه پژوهش های معاصر در مدیریت ورزشی
پیاپی 4 (زمستان 1391)

The purpose of this study Barriers and challenges to the development of swimming in Iran. The research population contained including 15 swimming academic elite athletes and 20 swimming coaches with at least level 2 coaching certificate and more than 3 years continuous experience in coaching. Measuring instrument was a questionnaire. Cronbach,s alpha coefficient was utilized to examine the internal reliability 0/89. data analyzed by descriptive statistics, one sample t-test and Friedman test in significance level of 0/05. The results of this analysis indicate that, lack of long-term planning (with average rating 10/30 for coaches and 10/83 for athletes) and lack of media support (with average rating 9/75 for coaches and 9/90 for athletes) are respectively the most important obstacles and challenges in swimming’s development. Overall, the findings showed to the role above factors in swimming development, recommend a basic approach to long-term planning creation, and shift mass media to support of this sport; because more of the other challenges considered are affected factors mentioned.

The purpose of this study Barriers and challenges to the development of swimming in Iran Sports University has focuses on mental and physical health between students and academics. Thus the existence of justice is essential to increase its quality in this critical environment.This study investigates distributive and interactive justice in athletic department's countries universities.Population statistics includes 218 people who were university experts and staffs, Athletic directors and sport association chairs. 115 people were experts, 58 directors and 45 sports association chairs.Research tools were valid organizational justice questionnaire with reliability rate 63% for distributive justice 69% interactive justice. Statistic approaches which have been used are Mean and STD and used from Kruskal–Wallis and freedman methods.Finding shown that there is sig differences among samples in distributive justice (p<0.5) but was not same in interactive justice (p>0.5). On the other hand, results indicate that chairs more than two groups tend to distributive justice.

Sport for all is a movement promoting the Olympic ideal proposing that sport is a human right for all individuals regardless of race, social class and sex. The purpose of this study was to determine the techniques to attract and increase participation of Urmia citizens in sport for all and recreational sport programs. The statistical populations of this research were all citizens in Urmia, more than 20 years old and at least a diploma from school. Four-hundred citizens were sampled randomly through stratified random sampling method. The instrument used for data collection purposes in this research was a researcher-made questionnaire with a highly acceptable reliability estimate of (r=0/81) tabulated through the test-retest method. Finding showed that the offered solutions about mass media, sport facilities and complexes, sport managers and programmers and education play a significant role in attracting and increasing the participation of Urmia citizens in sport for all and recreational sport programs. Therefore, allocating more time for sport in media, planning parks and recreation courts to reinforce unstructured activities such as walking and cycling; motivating citizen to attend sport activities free of charge; and the use of the expert coaches are proposed as some techniques that can improve public participation in sport for all and recreational programs.

The present study compared the relationship between critical thinking and academic achievement among physical education students and students in other fields of study in Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan. This was a cross sectional study with a randomly stratified sampling method. Available population was all 293 undergraduate students in Bu Ali Sina University. The number of participants was determined using Morgan’s table and included 78 physical education students and 217 non-physical education students in Bu Ali Sina University. The standard California Critical Thinking Skills Test (1994, Cronbach's alpha reliability %85) was used to measure critical thinking skills. The achievement of academic record was assessed using the Grade Point Average of students (GPA). Descriptive statistics, Kolmogorov Smirnov, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients, and Student T-test were used to analyze data. Results showed that %72.7 of students had weak critical thinking skills. There was no significant difference between critical thinking skills among physical education students and students in other fields of study (p > 0.05). The results of T-test further showed that the only difference among critical thinking skills of physical education students and students in other fields was related to the deductive reasoning component. In addition, the relationship between critical thinking skills and academic achievement was not significant either in physical education students (r=0.10, p=0.47), or students in other fields (non physical education) (p =. 3). In conclusion, current education and training methods weren’t able to increase the level of critical thinking either in non-physical education students or physical education students. Using modern teaching methods and active learning strategies is warranted.

The purpose of this research was to design relationship model of emotional intelligence and organizational commitment of Tehran municipality sport organization. Statistical population of this study included 189 sport experts and manager of the Sports Organization of Tehran Municipality. All managers were selected as total number of research samples and on the basis of Morgan table, 108 persons were randomly selected of research samples. To achieve the research goals Siberia Shrink questionnaire of emotional intelligence, and Allen& Meyer's Organizational Commitment Questionnaire were used to determine the organizational commitment. Validity of two questionnaires were confirmed by 15 experts and their reliability were studied in a preliminary study with 30 subjects of experts and calculated as 0.87 and 0. 84 respectively. For data analysis the descriptive statistics and inferential statistics methods, including Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Single sample T student, and path analysis were used and for determination of the causal relationship between variables the method of structural equations model by application of Amos graphics V. 18 software and SPSS software were used. Research findings showed that managers of emotional intelligence with coefficient of 0.64 have an impact on personnel of organizational commitment. Affective commitment with coefficient of 0.93, self control with coefficient of 0.85, social skills with coefficient of 0.8, empathy with coefficient of 0.77, self motivation with coefficient of 0.6, self awareness with coefficient of 0.65, normative commitment with coefficient of 0.65, and continuance commitment with coefficient of 0.51 have the most role in their relationship.

The cost of running sports is rising daily. Individuals, clubs and nations are finding it extremely difficult to cope. The major alternative one would expect is sponsorship but in Iran it is not forthcoming. This study will therefore look into the perceived impediments of sports sponsorship in Iran's professional football. The survey research design was used with a sample size of 116 broken down to ‎club managers, sports management experts, marketing experts, and ‎sponsor managers. Investigator-made questionnaire was used for data collection, ‎where its face and content validity was confirmed by sports management and ‎marketing instructors and its reliability was estimated 0.84 through Cronbach's ‎alpha method. The results of factor analysis of data indicated the following seven ‎factors as perceived impediments of sponsor’s attraction to Iran's professional football: Structural and managerial impediments, Miscarriage of sponsors in ‎achieving their goals, Lack of marketing principals usage, Low level of ‎professionalism in Iran's football, Legal and media ‎impediments, Lack of technical considerations in clubs, and Lack of ‎suitable situation for attraction of international sponsors.‎

Nowadays, Sponsorship Specially Sport Sponsorship Is one of The Important Parts of Marketing In The World. Sport Sponsorship Traverses An Ascending Trend In Iran Too. Therefore, Managers Need to true and More Information About Effectiveness of Sponsorship to Make Right Decision About Issues Such as Resource Allocation to Sport Sponsorship. The aim of this study Was to Survey The Effectiveness of Sport Sponsorship on Five Important Variable of This Process that was include: Brand Awareness, Corporate Image, Liking Purchase, intention & loyalty to company & its Products. Therefore data collection was done by a researcher made questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by specialists and experts. using Cronbach Alpha, its reliability was estimated 0/80 (after operating on some fans). the fans of Perspolis In Tenth League Were our statistical Population and we Selected 400 Fans for statistical sample. By Using Statistical Method (Binominal Test), the effect of sport sponsorship on Five Mentioned Variables among fans was evaluated. according to the findings, sport sponsorship enhanced the corporate image, increased probability of purchase intention and loyalty of fans to company and Its products but It didnt increase brand awareness and liking of company and its products. the companies must know that the Process of Fan's loyalty need to long time sponsoring and more supporting from sponsee that finally achieve their goals such as the Asset Will Return, increasing customers.

In an unorganized situation, the need for having and performing strong and true and creation of suitable atmosphere in organization, is the inspirable parts for mere commitment of employees. The present research has been collected with the goal of the the role of organizational culture and atmosphere in organizational commitment in employees of sport General administration of Hamadan province. The proceed of research was studying the unity and kind of research was practical this reach was done widespread and the statistical population include all of the employees of the general administration of sport of Hamadan province. statistical society selected as a case of research which generally from 50 persons, number of 42 questionnaire was answered and delivered to Generally. in this research used from 3 standard questionnaire of organizational culture of Cameron and Queen (α= 0/74) (1999)¬ organizational atmosphere of Halpin and Kraft(α = 0/83)¬ (1963) and organizational commitment of Allen and Mayer(α= 076) (1990).According to findings, regression results show that 40/7 present of job commitment related to organizational culture and atmosphere and organizational atmosphere is more important in prediction of the job commitment than variable of organizational culture (β=1/002 P<0/001). Also there was a direct and meaningful relationship between organizational culture and emotional commitment(r=0/31, P<0/05), and not having meaningful relationship between organizational atmosphere and normality commitment(r=-0/143,P<0/05). According to results of research it is imperative that the organizations due to having direct influence of its employees on the fate (density) of organization have done with training of commitment employees and trust on them.

The purpose of this study was to find out the relation between burnout, motivation and performance in professional handball players. Subjects were handball prime league male players (N=148) of twelve teams. For data collection we used Athletic Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) and Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). Also for measuring performance among teams, two different ways were used, first the each two teams’ versus game, and second the final ranking of teams was used in a way that the six upper teams were considered as good performing teams and the other six teams were considered as weak performing teams. The Pierson correlation index was used for studying the relation between variables and the t test was used for comparing the results of good and weak performing teams. The results showed that there was a positive and significant relation between total burnout with intrinsic motives and motiveless. But there wasn’t a significant relation between burnout and extrinsic motives. Also there was a significant relation between burnout subscales (reduced sense of accomplishment, emotional/physical exhaustion, devaluation) and motiveless. The relation of players’ motivations and team performance was not statistically significant. These results can be used as a mean for helping to the managers and coaches in order to develop their knowledge, in better programming for athletes and solving their problems. Also these results are useful in proofing the importance of motivation as an effective factor in producing burn out among athletes.

As yet, there is no general agreement on normal degree of thoracic kyphosis and associated variables on it. Among different important variables which could have an effect on kyphosis, however, age, BMI, sex is considered to be more important. Nevertheless, literature is leaking comprehensive studies in this issue. Therefore, this study is aimed in investigating of the association of some anthropometric factors such as age, BMI and sex on thoracic kyphosis. In this study, 2549 subjects including of 1312 female and 1237 male between the ages of 7 to 100 years were recruited from 5 different geographical parts of Iran. Flexible ruler was used to measure thoracic kyhposis between the T2 to T12 vertebrae. 10 measurers were used to collect the data (5 male and 5 female). The measurers participated in a instructional workshop where they were cheeked on body landmark identifications and kyphosis measurements using flexible ruler. The reliability result for 10 measurers on kyphosis measurements were high (ICC=0/87). Using Pearson Product Moment, there was a significant positive correlation between the age and TK in male and female as a whole (r=.469; p<.001) and in male and female in separate groups (r=.362; p<.001 and r=.555; p<.001) respectively. Using Pearson product moment, it was a significant positive correlation between the BMI and thoracic in subjects as a whole (r=0.277, p>001) and among genders, male and female (r=0.219; p<.001 and r=0.319; p<.001) separately. However, running the correlation for participant, male and females as hole, on the BMI of 25 onward (n=900) and for the BMI of 30 onward (n=154) the association was not significant (r=0.046; p=0.164 and r=0.083; p=0.307) respectively. Our study revealed that there is an association between TK and age in both genders. Our study indicated that the TK increase by age in both genders however the rate of incensement in adult females is higher than their male counterparts. This is well supported in the literature to be related to the females’ specific characteristics. Our study also revealed that there is an association between BMI with TK. However, as we found no direct report in the association of TK with the above variable in the literature, further studies needs in this issue.

Patellofemoral pain syndrome is one of the most common causes of anterior knee pain. This syndrome is associated with pain around and behind the knee which is caused by Physical and biomechanical changes resulting from the patella. The purpose of this study was to compare lower extremity strength, Q angle, knee varus and valgus in women with and without patellofemoral pain syndrome Fifteen females with patellofemoral pain syndrome and fifteen pain-free controls participated in this study. Isometric strength, Q angle, knee varus and valgus was measured using multimodal dynamometer. Group differences were assessed using statistical technique of independent student t.The strength of the hip abductors(P=.01), external rotators(P=.003),quadriceps(P=.01), hamstring(P=.002) and bilateral condylar distance(P=.008) was significantly lower in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome. In comparison with the control gorup there was no significant difference in isometric strength of the hip adductor (P=.2) in both group. Q angle (P=.003)and Bimalleolar Distance(P=.003) in patient with patellofemoral pain syndrome was significantly greater than control group.The finding of the present study indicated that there is a correlation between a decrease in strength of lower extremity muscles strength and an increase in Q angle and knee valgus in patellofemoral pain group compared to pain-free control group. It seems that strengthening the lower extremity muscles can be effective in preventing or improving abnormalities such as knee valgus and preventing the risk of patellofemoral pain syndrome.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 6 weeks hopping exercises program on the dynamic balance of young male athletes with functional ankle instability. 30 young male athletes with functional ankle instability (age: M, 22.16 ± SD, 1.46 years; weight: M, 73.96±SD, 11.50 kg; height: M, 180.95± SD, 8.24 cm; and the instability score M, 20 ± SD, 2.31) were participated in this study. Participants were divided into experimental, and control groups. The program consisting of 6 types of hopping exercises carried out by the experimental group. SEBT test was used to evaluate dynamic balance and joint position sense before and after the exercise program. Descriptive statistic, paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test were used to analyze the data. Level of significance was considered at p<0.05. The results showed that the hopping exercise program improved significantly the dynamic balance of the subjects with functional ankle instability. Progress directions were in the antero-medial, lateral, anterior, postero-medial, antero-lateral, medial, posterior, postero-lateral, respectively. Since young male athletes with functional ankle instability need dynamic balance in their skills, hopping exercises could be suggested for preventive intervention.