Journal of Advanced Biomedical Sciences
Volume:8 Issue: 1, 2018

Integrins are a large family of adhesion molecules under cellular control that could act bilabially in different situations; on the other hand, they play a significant role in adsorption and entry of immune system cells or other helper cells. Furthermore, they could be good targets for entry, localization and replication of infectious viruses into cells. As viruses apply various strategies for entry and infiltration to cells, comparison of these ways (especially integrin mediated), elucidates effective mechanisms in the inception of viral infection and the host cells interactions. At this point, the present study reviewed the relationships between common viruses such as Adenovirus, Papillomavirus, Herpesvirus, Hantavirus, Rotavirus, Echovirus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, Coxsackievirus type 9, Parechovirus type 1 and Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with integrins and their viable interactions for therapeutical issues and better recognition of the commencement process of the infection by these viruses.

UCP3 is a member of uncoupling proteins which plays an important role in energy homeostasis and it might be important in obesity. C-55T (rs1800849) polymorphism in promoter of UCP3 can affect the expression level of UCP3. The aim of this study was to analyze the association of UCP3 C-55T polymorphism and obesity in a juvenile population of Iran.
Material & peripheral blood sample from 120 obese and 120 normal university students were collected for DNA extraction. Genotyping of C-55T polymorphism in the UCP3 gene was performed by PCR-RFLP method. Chi-square test was applied to analyze the data at P The variant T allele was significantly associated with the obesity risk. The frequency of T allele was 72% in Obese group compared to 40% in normal subjects (P= 0.000, OR=3.8 CI 95% 2.1 – 6.9).
The UCP3 C-55T polymorphism was associated with higher BMI and can be regarded as a risk factor for the development of obesity.

Humans are widely exposed to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate that it can rise obesity and type 2 diabetes epidemics. The object of this study was to investigate the effects of oral di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) at minimum and maximum levels on glycemic response in mice.
Material & An interventional study with 15 adult male mice was designed. Mice were randomly assigned to 3 equal groups: control, 1x phthalate (dose of 250 mg/kg/day), 2x phthalate (dose of 500 mg/kg/day) and treated for a period of 8 weeks. At the end of the seventh week study all mice were tested by oral glucose tolerance test and area under curve (AUC) was calculated for each sample. In the end, fasting blood samples were used to measure the variables (Glucose, Insulin, HOMA_IR, Quicki of serum and HbA1C of total blood). The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Duncan tests. The significant difference in the data was considered P >0.01.
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate at low dose (250 mg/kg) showed significant increase in serum glucose and insulin resistance levels and also quicki levels decreased significantly compared to other groups (P 0.01).
In the present study, it showed di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate at low dose (250 mg/kg) impaired blood sugar control systems and this can lead in pre-diabetes.

Cytokines are molecules that are related to immunologic responses. Considering the antioxidant and immunologic effects of selenium nanoparticles and aerobic exercise training, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of aerobic exercise training and supplementation with selenium nanoparticles on protein content of Interleukin-4, Interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor Alpha in spleen tissue in mice with breast cancer.
Material and 64 Balb/c mice were randomly divided into 8 groups including Control-Health, Control-Tumor, Training-Healthy, Training-Tumor, Selenium nanoparticles-Health, Selenium nanoparticles-Tumor, Selenium nanoparticles-Training-Health and Selenium nanoparticles–Training-Tumor. Animals in different groups passed 6 weeks aerobic interval training and supplementation with selenium nanoparticles before and after cancer induction. At the end of the sixth week, cytokines protein levels in spleen tissue were measured by ELISA method.
Based on the current study results exercise training and selenium nanoparticles caused significant decrease in tumor volume (P It seems that aerobic exercise training and selenium nanoparticles supplementation could have an effective role in the activation of immune system and decreasing in tumor volume, with increasing in tumor necrosis factor Alpha as a T helper 1 cytokine.

Abnormal production of melanin pigment which causes melasma, freckles, ephelides, and age spots, are esthetic problems. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), a copper-containing enzyme, is involved in melanin biosynthesis and the abnormal accumulation of melanin pigments. Thus, its inhibitors are of great importance in the medical and cosmetic fields. The aim of this study was to investigate some salicylaldehyde Analogues as Polyphenol oxidase inhibitors.
Material & In the present study, thirty five derivatives of salicylaldehyde scaffold were subjected to molecular docking studies to investigate the mode of interaction of the compounds with tyrosinase active site. Docking study was performed by AutoDock 4.2 program and the resulting docking poses were analyzed in AutoDockTools, DS Visualizer 3.5 and Ligplot softwares.
Among the all studied compounds, Ligand 4-isopropylsalicylaldehyde displayed good docking results. In fact, this compound had the most negative ΔGbind (-4.01 Kcal/mol) that indicated favorable interactions with the key amino acid residues at active site of Polyphenol oxidase. Docking results for this compound are in accordance with the docking results of Co-crystallized ligand (tropolone). In this compound, the oxygen of a carbonyl group has an efficient metal-ligand interaction with the Cu2 ion in the active site.
The presence of non-polar moiety in salicylaldehyde Analogues increases the inhibitory property.

Studies have shown that increased methylation of CpG islands is one of the important mechanisms in gene silencing. Protein P16 / Ink4 plays an important role in the negative regulator of cell cycle process. Inflammation, including factors that affect gene methylation and IL-17, as an inflammatory cytokine, can play a role in this case. This cytokine gene has several polymorphisms which are involved in the expression of it. According to the statement, the purpose of this study is to investigate IL-17 gene polymorphism on gene promoter methylation of P16 / Ink4 and its relation to breast cancer diseases.
Material & In this case - control study, a total of 40 Women with Breast cancer and 40 healthy women on September 2015 were examined. DNA was extracted and for gene promoter methylation, MSPCR method was used. Single nucleotide Polymorphisms of the IL-17 gene were analyzed by the PCR-RFLP method. Data were compared in both groups by using Pearson’s chi-square and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test.
Results confirm the fact that, there is a relationship between P16/Ink4 gene promoter methylation and breast cancer disease So that, the promoter of P16/Ink4 gene in healthy individuals was much more unmethylated than patients (p0.05).
It seems that increases of P16/Ink4 gene promoter unmethylation in control subjects is associated with the likelihood of being resistant to breast cancer.

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies leading to death in women especially in industrial countries. Recent studies revealed that noncoding RNAs play important roles in various cellular activities such as tumor initiation, progression, and resistance to therapy. PRNCR1 is a long noncoding RNA that upregulates in some cancers and through androgen receptor signaling causes carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression pattern of PRNCR1 in breast cancer patients.
Material & In the present study, 30 breast tumor specimens and paired adjacent nontumoral tissues were collected from breast cancer women from East Azarbaijan province during the period of 2014-2015 and the expression level of PRNCR1 was evaluated using qRT-PCR. Also, the statistical analysis (t-test) was performed to examine the association between PRNCR1 and clinic-pathologic characteristics of tumor samples.
The data revealed that PRNCR1 significantly upregulates in breast tumor tissues compared to the paired adjacent normal tissues. Moreover, overexpression of PRNCR1 in breast tumor tissues was significantly related to tumor size and lymph node metastasis (P The results revealed that PRNCR1 significantly dysregulates in breast cancer. Considering its effect on downstream pathways of androgen receptor, suggesting that it might be used as a therapeutic agent, although further studies are required.

Methylene Tetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) gene, as an important genetic factor affecting infertility, encodes Methyl Dihydrofolate Reductase enzyme which helps to regulate the levels of homocysteine in the body. Mutations in this gene can reduce the activity of the enzyme, which leads to increase levels of blood homocysteine and may cause infertility. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between C677T polymorphism of MTHFR gene and infertility.
Material & In this study, 100 samples from infertile and fertile women with a history of abortion and 100 healthy pregnant were selected. After extracting the DNA from peripheral blood, the genotype of the samples was analyzed by PCR-RFLP method. SPSS software was also used to investigate the relationship between C677T polymorphism and infertility (using t. test, Chi-square test and logistic regression).
C677T polymorphism of MTHFR gene, resulted in a significant increase in the level of homocysteine and decrease levels of folate and vitamin B12 in homozygous women. However, there was not any relationship between the genotype of heterozygous patients with the level of homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12.
C677T polymorphism of MTHFR gene may be associated with the increased levels of homocysteine and decreased levels of folic acid and vitamin B12 in the body, which can cause fetus recurrent miscarriage syndrome.

Backgrounds & Type 1 diabetes is an auto-immune disease and caused by insufficient insulin production by the body. All-trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA) is an antioxidant, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory agent. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of ATRA on histopathology of pancreas in diabetic mice.
Material & Diabetes was induced by multiple low-dose of streptozotocin injection (40 mg/kg/day for 5 consecutive days) in male C57BL/6 mice. After induction of diabetes, mice were treated with ATRA (20 mg/kg/day i.p.) for 21 days. On the last day, pancreases were isolated and stained with hematoxylin &eosin (H&E) and Gomeri aldehyde fuchsin (GAF) for histological analyses (the number of islets and β cells, diameter of islets) of pancreas.
ATRA treatment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice was increased the mean diameter of islets and the number of islets and beta cells compared to the diabetic group. (p The administration of ATRA improved pancreas tissue during destruction of the pancreatic beta-cells in STZ-induced type 1 diabetes in mice.

Postpartum depression appears to be a harmful condition affecting mothers and their babies negatively. Regarding their side effects, the tendency to use antidepressants has especially fallen in nursing mothers. Considering the effect of zinc on mood, this study was conducted to determine the efficacy of zinc oxide nanoparticles on postpartum depression in female mice.
Material & In this experimental study, the adult female mice of NMARI breed (25-30gr) were divided into six groups respectively (n=8): 1) Control 2) Depressed group 3, 4, 5) Depressed groups treated with a dose of zinc oxide nanoparticles including (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) 6) Depressed groups treated for 8 days with a dose of 5 mg/kg zinc oxide nanoparticles.
First, the studied animals were depressed by intraperitoneal injection of 5mg/kg progesterone for 5 days. The control group received no drug or solvent. The assessment of depression rate on the eighth day after the start of administration of progesterone was conducted by forced swim test.
The zinc oxide nanoparticles at doses 10 mg/kg (P Administration of progesterone induces depression, and thus, increases the period of immobilization of mice. The zinc oxide nanoparticles reduced the symptom of postpartum depression in forced swim test. The findings can be used to show the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles in the reduction of postpartum depression.

Currently selection and use of nanoparticle adjuvant is very important. Due to the lack of effective anti-snakebite serums to treat it and high cost of purchasing external anti-snakebite serums, preparation of suitable internal nanoparticles to produce hyper-immunization plasma has become very important. In order to minimize the disadvantages associated with traditionally used adjuvants in ovines and to produce potent antivenum, a comparison was made between various adjuvants for their immune-potentiation capacity and safety.
Material & The present study was conducted in 15 sheep, divided into three groups and hyper-immunized using crude venom of cobra snake (Naja naja oxiana) along with three adjuvants, Montanide, aluminum phosphate and poly methyl methacrylate through subcutaneous route at intervals of a week. Periodic standard safety assessments were done.
The neutralization activity (LD50) of pooled sera samples by 9th week, obtained with aluminum phosphate, Montanide and poly methyl methacrylate groups were 1.5, 2.2 and 2 LD50/ml respectively. The sheep of poly methyl methacrylate group showed minimum local reactions at injection site, while sheep from other two groups exhibited moderate reactions. However, these were transient and reabsorbed or healed subsequently.
Poly methyl methacrylate nanoparticle adjuvant could be a possible alternative to the emulsion adjuvants for primary phase of immunization in antivenomous preparation considering its acceptable immunopotentiation capacity and safety in donor animals.

Menopause is associated with increased cardiovascular risk factors. This investigation examined the effects of resistance training on cardiovascular risk factors in ovariectomized rats.
Material & In this experimental study, 16 adult ovariectomized female Wistar rats were randomly allocated into control (n=8) and resistance training (n=8) groups. The progressive resistance training protocol was administered for 10 weeks (5 sessions per weeks). Training protocol consisted of 8 series of climbs on the ladder with progressive overload attached to the tail and each series contained an average of 8 to 12 climbing movements (repetitions). Forty eight hours after the last training session, animals were anesthetized, blood was taken directly from the heart. Then serum homocysteine levels and lipid profile were measured and insulin resistance index was calculated. All variables were compared by unpaired t-test) p serum homocysteine levels (p = 0.013) and insulin resistance index (p = 0.019) were significantly decreased in resistance training group compared with the control group, but lipid profile did not differ among rat groups (p˃0.05).
It seems that ten weeks of progressive resistance training reduced serum homocysteine levels and insulin resistance index in ovariectomized rats, but did not effect on the serum lipid profile.

Acquiring integron is an important factor in multidrug resistance in the intestinal gram negative microorganisms. The most common integron cassette contains the genes associated with resistance to a wide range of antimicrobial agents. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of class 1, 2 and 3 integron genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains which was isolated from clinical samples in Shahrekord.
Material & In this study antibiotic resistance pattern of 64 strains of Klebsiella pneumonia isolated from clinical samples in medical diagnostic laboratories in Shahrekord were tested by disk diffusion. In order to determine the prevalence of integrons class 1, 2 and 3 were used as specific primers.
After performing antibiogram tests, the most resistant was observed to be ampicillin (90.6%) and the lowest resistance one was imipenem (9.3%). Class 1, 2 and 3 integron were observed in 8 isolates (12/5%), 6 isolates (9/4%) and 10 isolates (15/62%). In 40 isolates were not observed Integron genes. In the statistical analysis by Fisher exact test between class 1 integron and resistance to the ampicillin significant association was observed.
Resistance genes are located on the integrons and can be transmitted from one strain to another and disseminate resistance in the hospital or other environments, it is important to identify these types of antibiotic resistance genes twofold has done.

Endometritis is the most common complication of cesarean section and can cause complications such as prolonged hospitalization, additional costs, establish long-term use of antibiotics, adhesions and infertility. The prevalence of cesarean section infection has been estimated 3 to 15 percent. The incidence of infection depends on socio-economic factors, length of labor, parity, the duration of the rupture of membranes (ROM) or amniorrhexis, and the mode of delivery. The perioperative application of antimicrobial drugs has changed it radically.
Material & This is a cross-sectional study that required information was collected from 300 women who had cesarean in Vali-e-Asr hospital. A questionnaire was filled out at mothers’ bed, in women's ward. Data were analyzed by chi square test through SPSS software. (P Among the 300 cases, 15 patients (5%) had postpartum infection. There was a significant difference between post section infection and cesarean section (elective or emergency), maternal education level, maternal age and parity, prenatal care, type of anesthesia. There was no significant relationship between infection after cesarean section and average age of the women, PROM, gestational diabetes, BMI.
Education level, parity and prenatal care, type of cesarean section, type of anesthesia, are the risk factors of post cesarean infection. We hope to control the incidence of preventable dangerous complications of post section infection and reduce health consequences for the mother as well as the health system.

since consumption of raw vegetables is part of our daily regimen, their microbial contamination is important for gastrointestinal diseases. The aim of this study is to evaluate not only the contamination of vegetables in different parts of Shiraz, but also the water used to irrigate those same regions in terms of enteropathogenic bacteria.
three types of raw vegetables – leeks, purslane, and basil – as well as water samples used for the irrigation of those vegetables were collected from the vegetable farms of nine different regions in Shiraz. Bacterial culture and biochemical tests were used for the identification of Coliforms and enteropathogens. The identification of different pathotypes of Escherichia Coli (E. coli) was done using molecular tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion method.
in these 9 sampling farms, 60, 50, 50, 28.5, 33.5, 33.5, 60, 40, and 16.5 per cent of isolated bacteria in genus level were similar between the vegetables from the 9 sampling farms, and the water samples of the same regions. We isolated two enter hemorrhagic E. coli from purslane and one Aeromonas hydrophila from the water sample. All three isolates were susceptible to broad spectrum beta-lactams.
The microbial contamination of the water used to irrigate the raw vegetables has affected their health and this could cause gastrointestinal diseases. This indicates that the quality control of these resources in terms of microbial contamination is valuable not only for maintaining public health, but also for preventing gastrointestinal outbreaks.