Journal of Advanced Biomedical Sciences
Volume:9 Issue: 1, 2019

Types of glioma brain tumors and genetic alterations in signaling pathways in them Glioma is a common type of primary brain tumor originating in the glial cells that surrounds and supports neurons in the brain. These tumors arise from three different types of cells that are normally found in the brain: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells, accordingly types of glioma include: Astrocytomas, Ependymomas, and Oligoastrocytomas. The signaling pathway has been described in systems biology terms as a complex biological network of three steps: (1) an input step in which membrane receptors and their ligands trigger the signal coming from outside the cell; (2) a core system processing step in which protein kinases transmit the signal to the nucleus; (3) an output step in which transcription factors regulate genes that affect various cellular functions. Glioma characteristics are derived from the activation of these pathways, including uncontrolled proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis. Understanding the genetic alterations that has occurred in these three steps, leading to the formation and progression of glioma tumors, may help improve patient prognosis in order to identify novel treatment targets. In this review, we provide an overview of the most recent developments and current understanding of genetic alterations in these signaling pathways in glioma.

Prostate cancer is a compound condition in which gene expression has altered. Several surveys have revealed that genetic components have been involved in prostate cancer progression. Findings proposed that they can modify a noteworthy portion of disposing of elements, which is associated to the developing prostate cancer in protein coding sequences. The purpose of this research was to indicate that there are many long non-coding RNAs with over 200 nucleotides length found in the human genome, which showed a significant role in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer.  The role of LncRNAs as tumor suppressors or oncogenes has been demonstrated in several types of cancers, including prostate cancer. Recent investigations have disclosed that LncRNAs transcripts play a pivotal role in the tumorigenesis.

Since colorectal cancer does not often have phenotypic symptoms in the early stages, the study of biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of the tumor is very important. MicroRNAs are one of the most important biomarkers which attract the attention of many researchers due to a variety of reasons, including their non-invasive nature; these molecules are a group of non-coding small RNAs that suppress gene expression by interacting with mRNA at the post-transcriptional level. The objective of the present study is to investigate the potential of microRNAs as a biomarker for colorectal cancer and evaluating their changes at different pathophysiological and molecular levels of cancer. In this review study, we explored the PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus databases to investigate the role of microRNAs in colorectal cancer. The discovery of the fact that microRNAs are able to act as oncogene or tumor suppressor has led to the initiation of extensive investigations on cancer, resulting in the identification of various microRNAs involved in carcinogenesis and its progression. Various studies have shown that microRNAs are dysregulated in tissue samples and body fluids of people with colorectal cancer. MicroRNAs in body fluids such as serum, plasma, and fecal specimens are chemically stable, and their diagnosis is easy, so by studying microRNAs in colorectal cancer, the initiation, stages, spread, or mechanisms of the tumor can be predicted and notified.

oximes as Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivators were developed for the treatment of organophosphate compounds (OPCs) intoxication. Oximes also bind to the active site of AChE, simultaneously acting as reversible inhibitors. Organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) such as soman, sarin, or VX react with acetyl cholinesterase irreversibly. In this research, a group of Pralidoxime derivatives with acetyl cholinesterase enzyme reactivator activity was subjected to a docking study, followed by a Toxicity Risk Assessment. This is a descriptive-analytic study. In order to investigate the mode of the pralidoxime derivatives coupling with enzyme active site, at first the chemical structures of all compounds were designed by ChemBioDraw Ultra14.0 software. Then so as to carry out energy minimization, it transferred into a Hyperchem software. Docking study was performed by Auto Dock Vina program. Then the results were analyzed utilizing Molegro Virtual Docking software. At the final stage, the toxicity risk assessment of compounds was performed by the OSIRIS program. Docking results revealed the hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interactions were involved in the drug-receptor interactions. Among the all studied compounds, the best docking results were related to No. 9 (4-methylbenzyl group- pathic compound) displayed. In fact, this compound had the most negative ΔGbind (-11.14 Kcal/mol) that indicated favorable interactions with the key amino acid residues at active site of acetyl cholinesterase. In conclusion, According to the results of Docking studies and the evaluation of toxicity risk, it can be concluded that combination No. 9 (4-methylbenzyl group- phatic compound) in comparison with pralidoxime reference compound might be considered as a more reactivator of the acetyl cholinesterase enzyme.

Omentin-1 and chemerin are adipocytes that are inversely associated with obesity. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of eight weeks of Submaximal and High
Intensity Interval swimming practice on changes in serum levels of omentin-1 and chemerin in overweight young men. in this semi-experimental study among statistical population (110 students), 24 male students (22.5±1.67 years) purposefully with overweight (26.93±0.69)  were divided into two sub-maximal swimming groups (60-67% of maximum heart rate) and High-intensity training swings (80-90% of maximal heart rate).The training protocol included 8 weeks and 3 days per week and each session with 45-60 minutes. It turned out before and 24 hours after exercise, blood 5cc was taken from the subjects. T-test was used to examine the differences between the groups and for inter-group differences, independent T-test with a significance level of p<0.05 was used.  Both submaximal swimming training (p=0.001) and high intensity interval (p=0.01) resulted in an increase in the levels of omentin-1 and the serum chemerin level in both submaximal swimming (p=0.005) and high intensity interval (p=0.02) increased significantly. These results were associated with weight loss, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, fat percentage and aerobic capacity increase in both groups (p<0.05). Therefore, it can be said that eight weeks of submaximal swimming and high intensity interval, lead to an increase in serum levels of omentin-1 and a decrease in chemerin and obesity-related factors.

The present research project is based on the common ground in nuclear and medicine science. The purpose is to determine the concentration of radon gas in residential homes in Fasa in 1395 for investigating the effects of its inhalation on the incidence of lung cancer in residents of the home. Among the residential houses, 10 houses were selected in different parts of the city and 20 samples of radon gas infiltration system were installed in these houses in 1395. In this research, using electrochemical stew method, the detectors were scanned by optical scanners and then images of alpha tracks were prepared in the form of image grey scale. After that, with the help of image processing software and using the passive dosimeter method, the mean concentration of radon was determined during a given period of time. The results of counting and measuring the concentration of radon gas in 20 samples collected in two first and second six-month periods of residential buildings were investigated and evaluated. The results showed that radon gas concentrations in Fasa during the first and second six months of 1395 fluctuated from 141 to 417 Becquerel per cubic meter. In both period north-west parts of the Fasa, concentrations above 150 Becquerel per cubic meter was found to be higher than standard concentrations in residential homes, and residents in these areas were at risk of lung cancer. At the end of the article, there are some strategies to reduce the concentration of radon in homes.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important pathogenic bacteria causing infectious diseases that include resistance to many antibiotics. In addition, existence of LasIand AlgD gene contributes to pathogenicity of this bacterium. This study is aimed to investigate the frequency of mentioned genes, antibiotic resistance and a significant relationship between them. This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 91 isolated Pseudomonas from Fasa medical centers. After completing biochemical and microbiological tests, all strains were evaluated by the PCR method in terms of LasIand AlgD genes existence, and antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by disk diffusion and MIC methods. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20 software. Among 91 isolated samples, (59.34%) 54 samples of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and (40.66%) 37 samples of other species were detected. The results of drug resistance pattern determination for both groups showed that highest resistance to Cefepime has been established. 40 isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 30 isolated samples of other species showed a MIC test relative to Cefepime. All isolated samples had AlgD gene. The results of this study revealed high resistance to different antibiotics among Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains and other strains. Quorum sensing genes and alginate generator genes with antibiotic resistance genes can increase the severity of involvement in this group of bacteria.

Methylphenidate is one of the most common medications used for treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The administration of methylphenidate, through blocking of dopamine receptors and increment of extracellular dopamine levels, leads to escalation in central nervous system activity. Numerous studies investigated the effect of methylphenidate on body organs however; there is no comparative and time dependent study about the effects of this agent on the liver tissue in male and female rats. Adult male and female rats were treated with methylphenidate (10 mg/kg) for two and eight weeks. The blood level of hepatic enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP) was assessed and the liver tissue samples were prepared for morphometric studies. Microscopic studies were made by digital camera. Histochemical studies were done with Oil Red O staining method. Blood levels of hepatic enzymes were increased (especially in females) in MPH treated groups compared to control rats. Histomorphometric results revealed that the evaluated indices were reduced by following the administration of methylphenidate in male and female rats compared to control group. These reductions were noticeable in long term administration and in female rats. In histochemical investigations, there were no significant differences observed between experimental groups. The results of this study showed that, long term administration of methylphenidate could induce some alterations in hepatic enzymes and microscopic structure of the liver of rats and in this way it seems that female rats were more susceptible in comparison to male rats which can be a reflection of the greater impact of females from the side effects of methylphenidate.

Because of the reported high ability of virulence and the lack of appropriate drug of Ebola virus during the last decades, many investigations have been accomplished regarding discovery and the introduction of anti-Ebola drugs. The aim of this research was the bioinformatical study of entry and replication of Ebola viral inhibition by drug repurposing. It is a descriptive-analytic study. In order to investigate the mode of interaction of the compounds with GP and VP40 binding sites, the chemical structures of all compounds were designed using ChemDraw program, then were transferred into Hyperchem software for energy minimization. Molecular docking simulation was accomplished using AutoDock 4.2 program. Docking results revealed the hydrophobic, hydrogen bond, π-π and π-cation contacts were involved in the drug-protein interactions. Among all the studied drugs, the best docking results were related to Amodiaquine and Diphenoxylate drugs displayed. Actually, this compounds had the most negative ΔGbinding that indicated suitable modes and favorable interactions with the amino acid residues at the binding site of GP and VP40. The weakest docking results were exhibited for Dirithromycin and Erythromycin drugs due to the high hydrophilic character of them. In general, the presence of hydrophobic portions, tertiary amines, and optimal hydrogen bonds increases the strength of anti-Ebola medications. According to the results of the molecular docking, the entire FDA-approved drugs revealed a good inhibition effect on entry and replication Ebola viral

The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) has been mentioned in previous studies. Curcumin is an active ingredient in Curcuma longa and has anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of curcumin on reducing the oxidative stress in the animal model of MS. In this study, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a MS model was induced by immunizing of Wistar rats (n=12) with homogenized spinal cord of guinea pig and Freund's complete adjuvant. Then, the immunized animals were divided in two equal groups. Treatment was curcumin (100 mg/kg daily) was started from the day 12 after the immunization when the rats showed the first symptoms of neurologic disability and continued until the day 24 when the rats were sacrificed. Simultaneously, the control group received the distilled water. Treatment was continued until 24 days after the immunization. The consumption of curcumin in the EAE-treated rats caused a significant decrease in nitric oxide level and activity of serum myeloperoxidase enzyme activity (p<0. 05). At the same time, the malondialdehyde level in the brain tissue decreased (p<0. 05). However, no significant change in the total antioxidant capacity of the serum (p<0.05) was observed. Moreover, the serum uric acid level increased in rats after curcumin treatment and reached the level of healthy rats (p<0. 05). Using a 100 mg/kg curcumin in the rats with EAE cause to reduce the harmful effects of oxidative damage and can be effective in MS treatment.

inappropriate diet and the lack of necessary nutrition receiving during pregnancy, effects on maternal and neonatal health. This study carried out to investigate the effect of maternal supplements during pregnancy on growth indices at birth. This cohort study was carried out on part of Bandar Abbas Cohort study data. The main exposure in this study was the consumption of dietary supplements during pregnancy and the dependent variable was the growth indices of newborns. The adjusted relative risk index using a Modified Poisson Regression model was applied. All analysis were performed using the STATA software. 196 of participants remained in the study. The age range of mothers was from 16 to 42 years old and the mean of that was 27.28 (± 5.62). 81, 84 and 149 of mothers had taken an iron supplement, multivitamins, and vitamin D irregularly respectively. 12.76%, 8.68%,18.88% of the newborns, had abnormal weight, height, and head circumference at birth respectively. The relative risk of low birth weight and consumption of multivitamin 2.65 was achieved. Also, the relative risks between low birth height and iron and multivitamin supplements were 3.54 and 4.56 respectively. There was a relationship between irregular consumption of iron and multivitamins during pregnancy with weight and height at birth, but there was no relationship between the consumption of nutritional supplements during pregnancy and the head circumference. Mothers' nutritional supplementation during pregnancy requires more attention.

Herbal medicine and their composition are widely used for different therapeutic purposes. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate of the anti-proliferation and anti-migration effects of Thymoquinone (TQ), an active part of Nigella sativa, on PC3 prostate cancer cells. In this experimental study, PC3 prostate cancer cells were treated with 0, 10, 30, 50, 70 and 90 µM concentrations of thymoquinone for 12, 24 and 48 hours and cell viability was determined by MTT assay. IC50 concentration of thymoquinone was obtained as 40 µM concentration of thymoquinone and 24h incubation time. PC3 cell migration was studied using the cell migration assay. Colony formation assay was used to determine cell proliferation and Gimsa staining was performed to observe morphological changes of the cells. The IC50 of Thymoquinone was found in concentration of 40 µM at 24h treatment. Thymoquinone significantly (p<0.05) inhibited cell growth and proliferation as well as cell migration. Treatment of PC3 cells with 40 µM thymoquinone showed significant changes in nucleus and cytoplasm of the cells which are representative of apoptosis and cell death. Thymoquinone has significant anti-proliferative and anti-migrative effects on prostate PC3 cells and therefore may be used as a complementary agent for prevention of prostate cancer.

Chronic low back pain is one of the most common disorders associated with chronic pain that is correlated with a wide range of psychological issue such as problems in sleep pattern. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sleep pattern and chronic low back pain. The research method was cross-sectional- descriptive-analytic and the statistical populations were residents of Sheshdeh of Fars province. Among them 1,366 people participated in the study by convenience sampling method. The instrument included a questionnaire of Persian cohort, Oswestry inventory and McGill Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS . V-24 software. 90.9% of the subjects were male and 39.09% were female. The results showed that there is a reverse relationship between the LBP، pattern and the quality of sleep, and with the increase in pain, the amount of sleep decreases. results of this study indicate that the quality of sleep should be considered in treatment of patients with chronic pain, especially those with chronic LBP.

Today, in order to maintain or improve the appearance, composition, flavor and nutritional value for food, compounds called additive are added, that they lead to complications in the human body, which the colors are only one of these substances. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of consuming colors in saffron foods in Fasa in 1397 by thin layer chromatography and spectrophotometry methods. This is a type of Experimental study that was conducted by a cross-sectional study in Fasa. A total of 64 samples of food were collected from restaurants and after color extraction with Hydrochloric acid and purification, the color analysis was performed using thin-layer chromatography and spectrophotometry. The Data were analyzed using Excel software. Out of 64 samples, 36 samples (56.2%) of natural color and 28 samples (43.8%) of artificial color were used. Of this amount, artificial color (57.1%) was non‐permitted artificial color (16 samples) and 42.9% of permitted artificial color (12 samples). Also, 75% of the natural colors used were saffron type. Considering the high level of artificial colors found in the samples of this study, preventive measures are essential because the high consumption of non-edible and edible color in foods and their adverse effects on health, raising the level of awareness of manufacturers and consumers about the complications, the amount of consumption or lack of use of these substances is necessary.

Busulfan (BSF) besides the therapeutic effects, performs oxidative stress and decreasing fertilizing capacity. Therefore, the present study was aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Crocin, on in vitro fertilization (IVF) process in busolfan treated mice. In this study eighteen mature female mice (25g), were divided into 6 groups and treated for 21 days. The control group received alone resolvent of busulfan (0.1 ml) intraperitoneally (IP) single dose, and sham control group received BSF alone (10mg/kg, IP/single dose) and experimental groups 1, 2, 3 received BSF(10mg/kg/single dose) with Crocin (100, 200, 400mg/kg/day, IP). Positive control group received alone Crocin (400mg/kg, IP/day). At the end of the treatment period, animals were euthanized and after performing the IVF, early embryo development was evaluated. The obtained data were compared between all groups and analyzed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test. A P-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results showed that, the administration of crocin along with busulfan increased significantly oocyte quality, fertilization rate, pre-implantation embryonic development and quality of embryo in comparison to group that received busulfan (P<0.05). In addition, in the group that received crocin any toxicity has not been observed. The present study indicated that crocin can protect female fertility potential against busulfan induced damages.